References

1 The Meaning of Drug

1 W.H.O. Technical Report Series 287, 1964, p. 5
2 Wikler, A., Psychiatric Quarterly, 26, 1952, p. 270
3 Sargant, W., Battle for the Mind, Heinemann, London, 1957
4 National Council on Alcoholism
5 R.O.S.P.A., Road Accidents Statistical Review, 3, no. 15, Nov. 1965
6 Chief Constable of Glasgow, Report, 1964
7 Statistical Review of Press and T. V. Advertising, 33, no. 4, Oct-Nov. 1965, p. 38
8 Seebohin Rowntree, B., and Lavers, G. R., English Life and Leisure, Longmans, 1951
9 Alcoholic Abuse, Office of Health Economics, London, 1970
10 Journal, The Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, 1 Oct. 1976

2 Archetypal Heroin

1 Drug Addiction, Report of the Interdepartmental Committee, H.M.S.O., 1961
2 Lindesmitb, A. R., Opiate Addiction, Principia Press, Indiana, 1947
3 Zinberg, N. E., and Lewis, D. C., New England Journal of Medicine, 270, 1964, pp. 989 and 1045
Bewley, T., British Medical Journal, no. 2, 1965, p. 1284
5 Laurie, P., Teenage Revolution, Blond, London, 1965
6 Wilder, A., Mechanisms of Action of Opiates and-Opiate Antagonists (U.S. Public Health Monograph 52)
7 Nyswanszler, Marie, The Drug Addict as a Patient, Grune & Stratton, New York, 1956
8 Raritan, M., Comprehensive Psychology, 5, 1964, p. 262
9 Chein, L, et al., Narcotics, Delinquency and Social Policy, Tavistock, London, 1964
10 Kolb, L., Mental Hygiene, 9, 1925, p. 699
11 De Ropp, R. S., Drugs and the Mind, Gollancz, London, 1958
12 Quoted by Nyswander, op. cit. ref. 7 above
13 Leong, E., Way, T., and Adler, K., Pharmacological Review, 12, 1960, p. 383
14 Hill, H. E., Belleville, R. g., and Wikler, A., Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 77, 1957, p. 28
15 Collier, H. O. J., Nature, 205, 1965, p. 181
16 Schaumann, O., Angewandte Chemie, 66, 1954, p. 765
17 Spragg, S. D. S., Morphine Addiction in Chimpanzees, Comparative Psychology Monographs, Vol. 15, no. 7, 1940, P. 1
18 Ball, J. C., Journal of Criminal Law, Criminology and Police Science, . 56, no. 2, 1965, P. 203
19 Kolb, L., Archives of Pleurology and Psychiatry, 20, 1928, p. 171
20 Terry, C. E., and Pellens, Mildred, The Opium Problem, Commission on Drug Addictions, 1928 (U.S.A.)
21 Pescor, M. J., U.S. Public Health Services Report, 24 (supp. 143), 1943
22 Facts Concerning the U.S. Public Health Service Hospital, Lexington, U.S. Department of Health Education and Welfare, 1965
23 Ball, J. C., and Cottrell, Emily S., U.S. Public Health Reports, 80, 1965, p.471
24 Gerard, D. L., and Kornetsky, C., Psychiatry Quarterly, 29, 1955, p. 457
25 Medindex, 2, 1966, p. 107
26 Nelson, A. S., International Journal of the Addictions, Jan. 1966, P. 50
27 Kevaler-Menachem, F., Symposium of Study for Study of Addiction, ' New York, 1967
28 O'Donnell, J. A., American Journal of Orthopsychology, 34, no. 5, 1964, p. 948
29 Winick, C., U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, Jan.-Mar. 1962
30 Bewley, T. H., British Medical Journal, i, 1968, p. 725
31 de Alaredn, R., and Rathod, N. H., British Medical Journal, it, 1968, p. 549
32 Zacune, J., et al., International Journal oldie Addictions, 4, Dec. 1969, p.557
33 Report to the United Nations by Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom and Northern Ireland on the Working of the International Treaties on Narcotic Drugs for 1969, Home Office, London, 1970
34 de Alarcdn, R., Bulletin on Narcotics, 21, no. 3, July-Sept. 1969, p. 17
35 Monograph Series A, No. 2, Executive Office of the President, Special Action Office for Drug Abuse Prevention, May 1974

3 The Psychology of the Addict

1 Winick, C., Law and Contemporary Problems, 22, 1957, p. 9
2 Nyswander, Marie, The Drug Addict as a Patient, Grune & Stratton, New York, 1956
3 Carstairs, G. M., Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 15, 1954, p. 220
4 Chein, I., et al., Narcotics, Delinquency and Social Policy, Tavistock, London, 1964
5 Vaillant, G. E., American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, no. 7, 1966, p. 727
6 Narcotic Drug Addiction, U.S. Public Health Service Publication

7 Frankau, Lady, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 90, 1964, p.421
8 Lyle, IS., Esquire, 65, MO. 3, March 1946
9 Hoffman, M., Comprehensive Psychology, 5, 1964, p. 262
10 Wilder, A., Psychiatric Quarterly, 26, 1952, p. 270
11 Carlson, E. T., and Simpson, M. M., American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 1963, p. 112
12 Wikler, A., Mechanisms of Action of Opiates and Opiate Antagonists (U.S. Public Health Monograph 52)
13 Laing, R. D., The Divided Self, Tavistock, London, 1960; Penguin Books, 1965
14 Wikler, A., et al., Psychopharmacologia, 5, 1963, p. 55
15 Beach, H. D., Canadian Journal of Psychology, 11, 1957, p. 104
16 Davis, W. M., and Nichols, J. R., Psychopharmacologia, 3, 1962, p. 139
I/ Nichols, J. R., HeacUee, C. P., and Coppock, H. W. J., American
Pharmacological Association (Scientific Edition), 45, 1956, p. 788 18 Albury, S., unpublished MA. thesis, University of Susse; 1968

4 Attitudes to Opiates

,1 Williams, aarence, Jerry the Junker (irmophone record), Black and White Records, 1934
2 Kerouac, J., On the Road, André Deutsch, London, 1958
3 Zinberg, N. E., and Lewis, D. C., New England Journal of Medicine, 270, 1964, pp. 989 and 1045
4 Lyle, D., Esquire, 65, no. 3, March 1966
5 Trocchi, A., Cain's Book, Calder, London, 1963
6 The Times, 21 Dec. 1965
7 News of the World, 18 Nov. 1962
8 The Times, 12 April 1965
9 Sketch, 13 Dec. 1965

5 Sleepers

I Communication from Home Office, Narcotics Branch, 26.8.66
2 Editorial, Lancet, ii, 1954, p. 75
3 Editorial, British Medical Journal, ii, 1954, p. 1534
4 Hamburger, E., Journal of the American Medical Association, 189, 1964, p. 366
5 Fraser, H. F., Wilder, A., and Essig, C. F., Journal of the American Medical Association, 166, 1958, p. 126
6 Medindex, 2, 1966
7 Freud, S., Beyond the Pleasure Principle, Collected Papers, International Psychoanalytic Press, New York, 1950
8 Eysenek, H. J., Crime and Personality, Routledge & ICegan Paul, London, 1964
9 Isbell, H., Medical Clinics of North America, 34, no. 2, 1950, p. 425
10 Trocchi, A., Cain's Book, Calder, London, 1963
11 Locket, S., British Journal of Addiction, 53, 1957, p. 105
12 Hunter, R. A., British Journal of Addiction, 53, 1957, p. 93
13 Hunter, R. A., and Greenberg, H. P., Lancet, ii, 1954, p. 58
14 Sargant, W., Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 51, 1958.p. 353
15 Glatt, M. M., U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, April-June, 1962
16 Kessel, N., and Walton, H., Alcoholism, Penguin Books, London, 1965
17 Annual Report of the Ministry of Health (Cmnd 2688), H.M.S.O., 1969
18 Smart, R. G., Schmidt, W., and Bateman, K., Journal of Safety Research, I, no. 2, June 1969, p. 67
19 Camps, F., and Robinson, A. E., British Medical Journal, 11 July 1970

6 Speed

1 Medindex, 2, 1966
2 Sargant, W., and Blackburn, J. M., Lancet, ii, 1936, p. 1385
3 Bett, W. R., Howells, L. H., Macdonald, A. D. Amphetamine in Clinical Medicine, E. & S. Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1955
4 Eysenck, H. J., Crime and Personality, Routledge & Kegan Paul, London, 1964
5 Lindsley, D., and Henry, C. E., Psychosomatic Medicine, 4, 1942, p. 140
6 Oswald, I., and .Thacore, V. R., British Medical Journal, Ii, 1963, p. 427
7 Sharpley, Anne, Everilhg Standard, 4 Feb. 1964
8 Sharpley, Anne, Evening Standard, 3 Feb. 1964
9 Prys Williams, G., Decade of Drunkenness, Christian Economic and Social Research Foundation, London, 1965
10 Sargant, W., Battle for the Mind, Heinemann, London, 1957
11 Scott, P. D., and Willcox, D. R. C., see Lancet, ii, 1964, p. 452
12 Howard, D. L., Marriage Guidance, Jag. 1966
13 Interview with Crndr Millen, Metropolitan Police
14 Connell, P. H., Amphetamine Psychosis, Chapman & Hall, London, 1958
15 Connell, P. H., Proceedings of the Leeds Symposium on Behavioural Disorders, May & Baker Ltd, Dagenham, 1965
16 Prison and Borstal After-care, Annual Report of the Council of the Central After-care Association, H.M.S.O., 1963
17 Bell, D. S., and Trethowan, W. H., Archives of General Psychiatry, 4, 1961, p. 74
18 Bell, D. S., and Trethowan, W. H., Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 133, 1961, rt.,489
19 Parker, T., Five Women, Hutchinson, London, 1965
20 Annual Report of the Ministry of Health (Cmnd 2688), H.M.S.O., 1965, and communication from Home Office
21 Kilo's, L. G., and Brandon, S., British Medical Journal, Ii, 1962, p. 40
22 Registrar General's Statistical Review of England and Wales, H.M.S.O., 1963
23 Daily Mail, 20 June 1962
24 The Times, 21 Feb. 1966
25 Wilson, C. W. M., and Beacon, S., -British Journal of Addiction, 60, 1964, p. 81

7 The Weed

1 Murphy, H. B. M., U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, Jan.-Mar. 1963
2 Michaux, H., Light Through Darkness, trans. Chevalier, Orion Press, New York, 1963
3 Gautier, T., Le Club des Haschischiens, Feuilleton de la Presse Médicale, 10, VII, Paris, 1843
4 Baudelaire, C., Les Paradis Artificiels, trans. Symons, The Casanova Society, London, 1925
5 Ames, F., Journal of Mental Science, 104, 1958, p. 972
6 Williams, E. G., et al., U.S. Public Health Report, 61, 1946, p. 1059
7 Adams, R., Bulletins of the New York Academy of Medicine, 18, 1942, p. 705
8 See Martinec, R., and, Felkova, M., Pharmazie, 14, 1959, p. 276,
9 Editorial, Lancet, Ii, 1963, p. 989
10 Laing, R. D., Sigma, 6, p. 7
11 American Journal of Political Science, 2, 1931, p. 252
42 Physical Culture, 77, 18 Feb. 1937
13 Radio Stars, 8 July 1938
14 Bigard, Barney, Sweet Marihuana Brown (gramophone record), Black and White Records, 1945
15 Johnson, D. Mcl., Indian Hemp, a Social Menace, Johnson, London, 1952
16 Ralph, J., Sunday Graphic, 16 and 23 Sept. 1951
17 Siler, J. F., et al., The Military Surgeon, 73, 1933, P. 269
18 Marcovitz, E., and Myers, H. J., War Medicine, 6, 1944, p. 382
19 The Marihuana Problem in the City of New York; Sociological, Medical, Psychological and Pharmacological Studies, Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pa., 1944
20 Anslinger, H. J., and Tomkins, W. F., The Traffic in Narcotics, Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1,953
21 Bromberg, W., Journal of the American Medical Association, 113, 1939. p.4
22 Bromberg, W., American Journal of Psychiatry, 91, 1934, p. 302
23 Meseinger, cited by Winick, see ref. 24 below
24 Winick, C., 'Marihuana Use by Young People', in Drug Addiction ill Youth, ed. Harms, Pergamon, Oxford, 1965
25 Chopra, R. N. and G. S., Indian Medical Research Memoirs, 31, July 1939
26 Allentuck, S., and Bowman, K. M., American Journal of Psychiatry, 99, 1942, p. 248
27 Lambo, T. A., U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, Jan.-Mar. 1965
28 Becker, H. S., American Journal Of Sociology, 59, 1953, p. 235
29 Sunday Times, 16 May 1965
30 Cannabis, Report by the Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence, H.M.S.O., 1969
31 Interim Report of Commission of Enquiry into the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, Queen's Printer for Canada, 1970, Penguin Books, 1972
32 Hindmarsh, I., British Journal of Addiction, 64, 1970, p. 395
33 Daily Mirror, 20 July 1970
34 Tennant, F. S., et al., Archives of General Psychiatry, 27, July 1972
35 New Scientist, 8 June, 1972
36 Miles, C. G., et al., Thirtieth International Congress on Alcoholism and Drug Dependence
37 Drugs and Society, 2, No. 12, Sept. 1973
38 JoUrnal, The addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, 1 Nov. 1975

8 Hallucinogens

1 Cohen, S., Drugs of Hallucination, Seeker & Warburg, London, 1965
2 Rinaldi, F., and Himwich, H. E., Science, 122, 1955, p. 198
3 Klee, G. D., Archives of General Psychiatry, 8, 1963, p. 461.    ,
4 Rosenthal, S. H., American Journal of Psychiatry, 121, 1964-5, p.238 .
5 Klee, G. D., and Weintraub, W., in Neuropsychopharmacology (ed. Bradley, Deniker, Radouco-Thomas), Princeton, 1959, p. 457
6 Osmond, H., and Smythie, J. R., Journal of Mental Science, 98, 1952, p.309
7 Friedhoff, A., and Van Winkle, E., Nature, 194, 1962, p. 897; and 199, 1963, p. 1271
8 Adapted from Cohen, see ref. 1 above
9 The Times, 19 January 1968
10 Corey, Margaret, et al., New England Journal of Medicine, 282, p. 939

9 LSD Applied

1 Ditman, K. S., Hayman, M., and Whittlesey, J. R. B., Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 134, 1962, p. 346
2 Blum, R., (ed.) et al., Utopiates, Tavistock, London, 1965
3 Sandison, R. A., Spencer, A. M., Whitelaw, J. D. A., Journal of Mental Science, 100, 1954, p. 491
4 Cohen, S., Drugs of Hallucination, Seeker & Warburg, London, 1965
5 Cohen, S., Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 130, 1960, p. 30
6 Downing, J. J., in Utopiates, (ed. Blum),Tavistock, London, 1965,p. 166
7 Newsweek, 21May 1966
8 St Matthew, iv, 25 and 34
9 Terrill, J., Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases, 135, 1962, p. 425
10 Ingram, A. L., Journal of the American Medical Association, 190, 1964, p. 1133
11 Cohen, S., American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 1964, p. 1024
12 Cohen, S., Ditman, K. S., Journal of the American Medical Association. 181, no. 2, 1962, p. 161
13 Ditman, K. S., and Cohen, S., Archives of General Psychiatry, 8, p. 475
14 Klee, G. D., and Weintraub, W., Neuropsychopharmacology (ed. Bradley, Deniker, Radouco-Thomas), Princeton, 1959, p. 475
15 Dr David Cooper in conversation with the author
16 Isbell, H., Belleville, R. E., Fraser, H. F., Wikler, A., Logan, C. R., American Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry, 76, 1956, p. 468 Hofman, A., Journal of Experimental Medical Science, 5, no. 2, 1961, p.31
18 The Tibetan Book of the Dead, ed. Evans Wentz, Oxford University Press, London, 1958
19 Leary, T., Metzner, R., and Alpert, R., The Psychedelic Experience, University Books, New York, 1964
20 cf. Editorial, British Medical Journal, 5502, 18 June 1966, p. 1495
21 Bewley, T. H., British Medical Journal, iii, 1967, p. 28
22 The Amphetamines and Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (L S D), Report by the Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence, H.M.S.O., 1970
23 Baker, A. A., Lancet, 4 April 1970
24 Drugs and Society, 2, no. 12, Sept 1973

10 Identification, Cure and the End of Addiction

1 Communicated by Lord Stonham, Under-Secretary of State for the Home Office
2 Burroughs, W., Junkie, Ace Books, New York, 1953, p. 35 '
3 Trocchi, A., Cain's Book, Calder, London, 1963
4 Franklin, Lady, Canadian Medical Association Journal, 90, 1964, p. 421
5 Bewley, T., Lancet, 1965, i, p. 808
6 Glatt, M. M., British Medical Journal, i, 1964, p. 1116
7 Winick, C., Legal and Criminal Psychology (ed. Toch), Holt Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1961, p. 357
8 Valliant, G. E., American Journal of Psychiatry, 122, no. 7, 1966, p. 727
9 Sunday Tiares, 20 Feb. 1966
10 Holzinger, R., Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 26, 1965, p. 304
11 Drug Addiction, Second Report of the Interdepartmental Committee, H.M.S.O., 1965
12 Isobell, H., Medical Clinics of North America, 34, no. 2, 1950, p.425
13 Bewley, T., British Medical Journal, ii, 1965, p. 1284
14 O'Donnell, J. A., American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 34, no. 3, 1964, p.948
15 Tu, T., U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, 3, no. 2, 1951, p.9
16 Winick, C., U.N. Bulletin on Narcotics, Jan.-Mar. 1962, Jan.-Mar. 1964
17 Laing, R. D., The Divided Self, Tavistock, London, 1960; Penguin Books, 1965
18 Carlson, E. T., and 'Simpson, M. M., American Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 1963, p. 112
19 Rathod, N. H., and de Alarcdn, R., British Medical Journal, Ii, 1968, p.549
20 Rathod, N. H., et al., The Lancet, i, 1967, p. 411
21 Sugarman', Barry, New Society, 13 April 1967
22 Ball, J. C., et al., Bulletin on Narcotics, 21, no. 4, Oct.-Dec. 1969
23 Journal, The Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, 1 Jan. 1977
24 Guardian, 17 June 1977

11 Control of Drugs

1 Guardian, 4 May 1966
2 Trocchi, A., Cain's Book, Calder, London, 1903
3 Blum, R., and Wahl, J., in Utopiates (ed. Blum), Tavistock, London. 1965, p. 241
4 Wilkins, L. T., Social Deviance, Tavistock, London, 1964
5 Winick, C., Legal and Criminal Psychology (ed. Tech), Holt Rinehart & Winston, New York, 1961, p.357
6 Anslinger, H. J., and Tomkins, WF., The Traffic in Narcotics, Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1953
7 Sunday Tbnes, 20 Feb. 1966
8 Connell, P. H., British Journal of Addiction, 60, 1964, p.9
9 Editorial, Lancet, ii, 1963, p. 989
10 Newsweek, 11 March 1966
11 Jones, T., Drugs and the Police, Butterworth, London, 1968 p. 39
12 Bestic, Alan, Daily Mirror, 7 May 1969
13 Powers of Arrest and Search in Relation to Drug Offences, Report by the Advisory Committee oa Drug Dependence, H.M.S.O., 1970
14 Cannabis, Report by the Advisory Committee on Drug Dependence, H.M.S.O., 1969
15 Stone, H. M., and Stevens, H. M., Journal of Forensic Science Society, 9, 1 and 2, July 1969, p. 31
16 Marshman, J. A., and Gibbins, R. J., Addictions, 16, no. 4, p.22
17 Drugs and Society, Nov. 1972
18 cf. Drags and Society, 2, no. 6, March 1973, p.31
19 Rdease Newsletter, V3, No. 2, 1977
20 Journal, The Addiction Research Foundation, Toronto, I March 1977
21 Release Repolt on Sentencing of Offenders, 1976