ENDNOTES

1 For detailed analysis of illicit drug markets over the decade, see: Reuter, P. and Trautmann, F. (2009) A Report on Global Illicit Drug Markets 1998-2007. European Commission http://www.exundhopp.at/www1/drogenbericht.pdf Accessed 04.19.11

2 UNODC (2008) 2008 World Drug Report Vienna: United Nations Accessed 04.19.11

3 European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction (2010) Annual Report of the State of the Drugs Problem in Europe Accessed 04.19.11

4 National Drug Intelligence Centre (2010) National Drug Threat Assessment Washington: US Department of Justice Accessed 04.18.11

5 Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (2009) High Commissioner calls for focus on human rights and harm reduction in international drug policy Geneva: United Nations Accessed 04.18.11

6 World Health Organization, UN Office on Drugs and Crime, and Joint UN Program on HIV and AIDS (2009) WHO, UNODC, UNAIDS technical guide for countries to set targets for universal access to HIV prevention, treatment and care for injecting drug users Accessed 04.18.11

7 European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (2010) Harm reduction: evidence, impacts and challenges. Lisbon: EMCDDA Accessed 05.13.11

8 See the European Monitoring Centre on Drugs and Drug Addiction resources page on harm reduction: Accessed 04.19.11

9 Mathers, B., Degenhardt, L., Phillips, B., Wiessing, L., Hickman, M., Strathdee, S., Wodak, A., Panda, S., Tyndall, M., Toufik, A., and Mattick, R. for the 2007 Reference Group to the UN on HIV and Injecting drug use (2008) “Global epidemiology of injecting drug use and HIV among people who inject drugs: a systematic review” The Lancet, Volume 372, Issue 9651, pp.1733–1745. Data available at: Accessed 04.16.11

10 UNAIDS (2010) UNAIDS Report on the Global AIDS Epidemic 2010 Accessed 04.18.11

11 WHO (2006) Treatment of Injecting Drug Users with HIV/AIDS: Promoting Access and Optimizing Service Delivery Geneva: World Health Organization Accessed 04.16.11

12 US Institute of Medicine (2006) Preventing HIV Infection among Injecting Drug Users in High Risk Countries: An Assessment of the Evidence Washington: National Academies Press Accessed 04.16.11

13 Aebi, M. F., Ribeaud D., and Killias, M. (1999) ”Prescription médicale de stupéfiants et délinquance. Résultats des essais Suisses.” Criminologie, vol. 32, n.2

14 Killias, M. and Aebi, M.F. (2000) “The impact of heroin prescription on heroin markets in Switzerland,” Crime Prevention Studies, volume 11, 2000

15 Millar, T., Jones, A., Donmall, M. and Roxburgh, M. (2008) Changes in offending following prescribing treatment for drug misuse National Treatment Agency for Substance Misuse Accessed 05.08.11

16 National Drug Monitor (2009) NDM Annual Report, 2009 WODC/Trimbos Instituut Accessed 05.08.11

17 van Laar, M. and van Ooyen-Houben, M. (eds.) (2009) Evaluatie van het Nederlandse drugsbeleid WODC/Trimbos Instituut percent20downloads/AF0884 percent20Evaluatie percent20van percent20het percent20Nederlands percent20drugsbeleid.ashx Accessed 05.08.11

18 E. Schatz, K. Schiffer and J.P. Kools (2011) The Dutch treatment and social support system for drug users IDPC Briefing Paper, January 2011 Accessed 05.08.11

19 Henman, A. and Metaal, P. (2009) Coca Myths Transnational Institute Drugs and Democracy Program Accessed 04.21.11

20 Jelsma, M. (2011) Lifting the Ban on Coca Chewing: Bolivia’s proposal to amend the 1961 Single Convention Series on Legislative Reform of Drug Policies, No.11. Transnational Institute Accessed 05.08.11

21 Costa, A.M. (2008) Making drug control ‘fit for purpose’: Building on the UNGASS Decade E/CN.7/2008/CRP.17 Accessed 04.20.11

22 Godfrey C., Stewart D., and Gossop, M. (2004) “Economic analysis of costs and consequences of the treatment of drug misuse: 2-year outcome data from the National Treatment Outcome Research Study (NTORS)” Addiction 99 (6) pp.697-707

23 Reuter, P. and Pollack, H. (2006) “How much can treatment reduce national drug problems?” Addiction 101 (3) pp. 341-347

24 Carnevale, J. (2009) Restoring the Integrity of the Office of National Drug Control Policy Written Testimony to the Domestic Policy Subcommitee of the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform Accessed 04.21.11

25 Bühringer, G., Farrell, M., Kraus, L., Marsden, J., Pfeiffer-Gerschel, T., Piontek, D., Karachaliou, K., Künzel, J. and Stillwell, G. (2009) Comparative analysis of research into illicit drugs in the European Union Luxembourg: European Commission, Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security Accessed 05.13.11

26 Hughes, C.E. and Stevens, A. (2010) “What Can We Learn from the Portuguese Decriminalization of Illicit Drugs?” British Journal of Criminology Volume 50, Issue 6, pp.999-1022

27 Hughes, C.E. and Stevens, A. (2007) The Effects of Decriminalization of Drug Use in Portugal Oxford: Beckley Foundation

28 Greenwald, G. (2009) Drug Decriminalization in Portugal: Lessons for Creating Fair and Successful Drug Policies Cato Institute Accessed 05.07.11

29 Reinarman, C., Cohen, P. and Kaal, H. (2004) “The Limited Relevance of Drug Policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and in San Francisco” American Journal of Public Health vol. 94 pp.836–842

30 Fetherston, J. and Lenton, S. (2007) Effects of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notification Scheme on Public Attitudes, Knowledge and Use: Comparison of Pre- and Post Change Data Perth: National Drug Research Institute Accessed 04.20.11

31 Room, R., Fischer, B., Hall, W., Lenton, S. and Reuter, P. (2008) The Global Cannabis Commission Report Oxford: Beckley Foundation Accessed 04.20.11

32 Becker, G.S., Murphy, K.M. and Grossman, M. (2004) The Economic Theory of Illegal Goods: The Case of Drugs National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 10976

33 Nutt, D., King, L.A., Saulsbury, W. and Blakemore, C. (2007) “Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse” Lancet Vol. 369 (9566) pp.1047-53

34 Hallam, C. and Bewley-Taylor, D. (2010) “Mapping the World Drug Problem: Science and Politics in the United Nations Drug Control System,” International Journal of Drug Policy, Volume 21, (1), 2010, pp. 1-3

35 Caulkins, J., Reuter, P. Iguchi, M.Y. and Chiesa, J. (2005) How Goes the “War on drugs”? An Assessment of US Problems and Policy Santa Monica, California: RAND Accessed 04.20.11

36 UNODC (2008) 2008 World Drug Report Vienna: United Nations Accessed 04.19.11

37 Lalander, P. and Salasuo, M. (Eds.) (2005) “Drugs and Youth Cultures: Global and Local Expressions” Helsinki: Nordic Council for Alcohol and Drug Research

38 Manning, P. (Ed.) (2007) Drugs and Popular Culture: Drugs, Media and Identity in Contemporary Society Devon: Willan Publishing

39 Buchanan, J. (2004) “Missing Links? Problem drug use and social exclusion” Probation Journal vol. 51 no. 4 pp. 387-397

40 UNODC/WHO (2008) Principles of Drug Dependence TreatmentPrinciples-of-Drug-Dependence-Treatment-March08.pdf Accessed 04.16.11

41 Bewley-Taylor, D., Hallam, C. and Allen, R. The Incarceration of Drug Offenders: An Overview Beckley Foundation/International Centre for Prison Studies Report_16_2_FINAL_EN.pdf Accessed 04.19.11

42 Sevigny, E. and Caulkins, J.P. (2004) “Kingpins or Mules? An Analysis of Drug Offenders Incarcerated in Federal and State Prisons” Criminology and Public Policy 3:3, 401-434

43 MacCoun, R.J. and and Reuter, P. (2001) Drug War Heresies: Learning from Other Vices, Times and Places Cambridge University Press

44 UNODC (2008) Drug trafficking as a security threat to West Africa Vienna: United Nations Studies/Drug-Trafficking-WestAfrica-English.pdf Accessed 05.08.11

45 Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T., Montaner, J. and Wood, E. (2011) “Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic review” International Journal of Drug Policy vol. 22 pp. 87–94

46 Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T. Montaner, J. and Wood, E. (2010) Effect of Drug Law Enforcement on Drug-related Violence: Evidence from a Scientific Review Urban Health Research Initiative, British Colombia Centre for Excellence in HIV/AIDS Accessed 04.19.11

47 McSweeney, T., Turnbull, P.J. and Hough, M (2008) Tackling Drug Markets & Distribution Networks in the UK London: UK Drug Policy Commission Accessed 04.19.11

48 Metaal, P. and Youngers, C. eds. (2011) Systems Overload: Drug Laws and Prisons in Latin America Transnational Institute/Washington Office on Latin America Accessed 05.16.11

49 Perry, C. L., Komro, K. A., Veblen-Mortenson, S., Bosma, L. M., Farbakhsh, K., Munson, K. A., et al. (2003) “A randomized controlled trial of the middle and junior high school D.A.R.E. and D.A.R.E. Plus programs” Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine 157(2), pp. 178-184

50 Office of National Drug Control Policy (2010) National Drug Control Strategy 2010 Accessed 05.13.11

51 “Obama: Drugs Should be Treated as a Public Health Problem” Interview with Barack Obama on CBS News: Accessed 05.13.11