59.4%United States United States
8.7%United Kingdom United Kingdom
5%Canada Canada
4%Australia Australia
3.5%Philippines Philippines
2.6%Netherlands Netherlands
2.4%India India
1.6%Germany Germany
1%France France
0.7%Poland Poland

Today: 210
Yesterday: 251
This Week: 210
Last Week: 2221
This Month: 4798
Last Month: 6796
Total: 129397

REFERENCES

User Rating: / 0
PoorBest 
Reports - The Global Cannabis Commission Report

Drug Abuse

REFERENCES
Abraham, M.D., Cohen, P.D.A. & Beukenhorst, D.J. (2001). Comparative cannabis use data. British Journal of Psychiatry, 179 (2): 175-177.
Adlaf, E.M., Begin, P. & Sawka, E. (Eds.) (2005). Canadian Addiction Survey (CAS): A national survey of Canadians' use of alcohol and other drugs: Prevalence of use and related harms: Detailed report. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs (2008). Cannabis: Classification and Public Health. London: Home Office. Available from: http://drugs.homeoffice.gov.uk/.
Agrawal, A. & Lynskey, M.T. (2006). The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence. Addiction, 101: 801-812.
Agrawal, A., Lynskey, M.T., Bucholz, K.K., Martin, N.G., Madden, P.A. & Heath, A.C. (2007). Contrasting models of genetic co-morbidity for cannabis and other illicit drugs in adult Australian twins. Psychological Medicine, 37: 49-60.
AIHW (2006). Closed Treatment Episodes: Client Profile by Principal Drug of Concern, AODTS-NMDS 2005-05. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
AIHW (2007). Statistics on Drug Use in Australia, 2006. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
AIHW (2008). 2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: First Results. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10579.
Ajdacic-Gross, V., Lauber, C., Warnke, I., Haker, H., Murray, R.M. & Rossler, W.
(2007). Changing incidence of psychotic disorders among the young in Zurich. Schizophrenia Research, 95: 9-18.
Aldington, S., Harwood, M., Cox, B., Weatherall, M., Beckert, L., Hansell, A., et al. (2008). Cannabis use and risk of lung cancer: a case-control study. European Respiratory Journal, 31: 280-286.
193
Aldington, S., Williams, M., Nowitz, M., Weatherall, M., Pritchard, A., McNaughton, A., et al. (2007). Effects of cannabis on pulmonary structure, function and symptoms. Thorax, 62: 1058-1063.
Aldrich, M.R. & Mikuriya, T. (1988). Savings in California law enforcement costs attributable to the Moscone Act of 1976 – a summary. Journal of Drug Issues, 20(1): 75-81.
Andenas, M. & Spivack, D. (2003). The UN Drug Conventions Regime and Policy Reform. London: British Institute of International and Comparative Law. http://www.senliscouncil.net/documents/BIICL opinion.
Andréasson, S. & Allebeck, P. (1990). Cannabis and mortality among young men: a
longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Scandinavian Journal of Social Medicine, 18: 9-15.
Andréasson, S., Engstrom, A., Allebeck, P. & Rydberg, U. (1987). Cannabis and schizophrenia: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts. Lancet, 2: 1483- 1486.
Angst, J. (1996). Comorbidity of mood disorders: a longitudinal prospective study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 168: 31-37.
Anthony, J., Warner, L., & Kessler, R. (1994). Comparative epidemiology of dependence on tobacco, alcohol, controlled substances and inhalants: Basic findings from the National Comorbidity Study. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 2: 244-268.
Anthony, J.C. (2006). The epidemiology of cannabis dependence. In Roffman, R.A. &
Stephens, R.S. (eds.), Cannabis Dependence: Its Nature, Consequences and
Treatment. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 58-105.
Anthony, J.C. & Helzer, J.E. (1991). Syndromes of drug abuse and dependence. In
Robins, L.N. & Regier, D.A. (eds.), Psychiatric Disorders in America: The Epidemiologic Catchment Area. New York: Free Press, pp. 116-154.
Appel, J., Backes, G. & Robbins, J. (2004). California's Proposition 36: A success ripe for
refinement and replication. Criminology & Public Policy, 3: 585-592.
Aronow, W. & Cassidy, J. (1974). Effect of marihuana and placebo marihuana
smoking on angina pectoris. New England Journal of Medicine, 291: 65-67.
194
Aronow, W. & Cassidy, J. (1975). Effect of smoking marijuana and of a high nicotine cigarette on angina pectoris. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 17: 549- 554.
Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R., Murray, R., Caspi, A. & Moffitt, T. E. (2002). Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study. British Medical Journal, 325: 1212-1213.
Aryana, A. & Williams, M.A. (2007). Marijuana as a trigger of cardiovascular events: speculation or scientific certainty? International Journal of Cardiology, 118: 141- 144.
Asbridge, M., Poulin, C. & Donato, A. (2005). Motor vehicle collision risk and driving under the influence of cannabis: evidence from adolescents in Atlantic Canada. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 37: 1025-1034.
Ashworth, A. (2005). Sentencing and Criminal Justice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Atha, M., Blanchard, S. & Davis, S. (1999). Regular users II: UK drugs market analysis,
purchasing patterns, and prices, 1997, Independent Drug Monitoring Unit Publications, Wigan.
Aulinger, S. (1997). Rechtsgleichheit und Rechtswirklichkeit bei der Strafverfolgung von Drogenkonsumenten. Baden-Baden: Nomos.
Babor, T., Caetano, R., Casswell, S., Edwards, G., Giesbrecht, N., Graham, K., Grube, J., Gruenewald, P., Hill, L., Holder, H., Homel, R., Österberg, E., Rehm, J., Room, R. & Rossow, I. (2003). Alcohol: no ordinary commodity. Research and public policy. Oxford and London: Oxford University Press.
Bachman, J.G., Wadsworth, K.N., O'Malley, P.M., Johnston, L.D. & Schulenberg, J.
(1997). Smoking, Drinking, and Drug Use in Young Adulthood: The Impacts of New
Freedoms and New Responsibilities. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Bachs, L. & Morland, H. (2001). Acute cardiovascular fatalities following cannabis
use. Forensic Science International, 124: 200-203.
Baker, J. & Goh, D. (2004). The Cannabis Cautioning Scheme three years on: An implementation and outcome evaluation. Sydney: New South Wales Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research.
195
Bammer, G., Hall, W. & Hamilton, M. (2002). Harm minimization in a prohibition context - Australia. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 582: 80-93.
Bates, M.N. & Blakely, T.A. (1999). Role of cannabis in motor vehicle crashes. Epidemiologic Reviews, 21: 222-232.
Bayley, D. (1994). Police for the Future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Beautrais, A.L., Joyce, P.R. & Mulder, R.T. (1999). Cannabis abuse and serious suicide attempts. Addiction, 94: 1155-1164.
Becker, G. & Murphy, K. (1988). A rational theory of addiction. J. Political Economy, 96: 675-700.
Beckett, K., Nyrop, K. & Pfingst, L. (2006). Race, drugs, and policing: Understanding disparities in drug delivery arrests. Criminology, 44: 105-137.
Bedard, M., Dubois, S. & Weaver, B. (2007). The impact of cannabis on driving. Canadian Journal of Public Health, 98: 6-11.
Begg, S., Vos, T., Barker, B., Stanley, L. & Lopez, A.D. (2007). The Burden of Disease and Injury in Australia 2003. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Available from: http://www.aihw.gov.au/publications/index.cfm/title/10317.
Belenko, S. (2001). Research on Drug Courts: A Critical Review 2001 Update. New York: The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse (CASA) at Columbia University.
Belenko, S. (1998). Research on drug courts: A critical review. National Drug Court Institute Review, 1: 1-44.
Bergmark, A. (2008). Treating cannabis use disorders: perspectives and best
practices. In: Rödner Sznitman, S., Olsson, B. & Room, R (eds.) (2008) A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences, Vol. 2, pp.205-215. Lisbon: European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Abuse.
Bewley-Taylor, D. (2004). Emerging policy contradictions between the UNODC “universe” and the core values and mission of the UN. pp. 24-31 in: Senlis Council, Global Drug Policy: Building a New Framework. Paris: Senlis Council. http://www.senliscouncil.net/modules/publications/006 publication/docume  nts/Taylor paper
196
Bewley-Taylor, D. & Trace, M. (2006). The International Narcotics Control Board: Watchdog or Guardian of the Conventions? Beckley Foundation Report No. 7. Beckley, Oxon., UK: Beckley Foundation. http://www.beckleyfoundation.org/pdf/Report07.pdf
Bilder, R., Volavka, J., Lachman, H. & Grace, A. (2004). The catechol-O-
methyltransferase (COMT) polymorphism: relations to the tonic-phasic dopamine hypothesis and neuropsychiatric phenotypes. Neuropsychopharmacology, 29: 1943-1961.
Bloch, E. (1983). Effects of marijuana and cannabinoids on reproduction, endocrine function, development, and chromosomes. In Fehr, K. & Kalant, H. (eds.), Cannabis and Health Hazards. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation, pp. 355-432.
Block, R.I. & Ghoneim, M.M. (1993). Effects of chronic marijuana use on human cognition. Psychopharmacology, 110: 219-228.
Block, R.I., O'Leary, D.S., Ehrhardt, J.C., Augustinack, J.C., Ghoneim, M.M., Arndt, S., et al. (2000a). Effects of frequent marijuana use on brain tissue volume and composition. Neuroreport, 11: 491-496.
Block, R.I., O'Leary, D.S., Hichwa, R.D., Augustinack, J.C., Ponto, L.L.B., Ghoneim, M.M., et al. (2000b). Cerebellar hypoactivity in frequent marijuana users. Neuroreport, 11: 749-753.
Block, R.I., O'Leary, D.S., Hichwa, R.D., Augustinack, J.C., Ponto, L.L.B., Ghoneim, M.M., et al. (2002). Effects of frequent marijuana use on memory-related regional cerebral blood flow. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 72: 237- 250.
Blows, S., Ivers, R.Q., Connor, J., Ameratunga, S., Woodward, M. & Norton, R. (2005). Marijuana use and car crash injury. Addiction, 100: 605-611.
Boekhout Van Solinge, T. (1999). Dutch drug policy in a European context. Journal of Drug Issues, 29: 511-528.
Bolla, K.I., Brown, K., Eldreth, D., Tate, K. & Cadet, J.L. (2002). Dose-related neurocognitive effects of marijuana use. Neurology, 59: 1337-1343.
197
Bollinger, L. (2004). Drug law and policy in Germany and the European community: Recent developments. Journal of Drug Issues, 34: 491-509.
Bonnie, R. & Whitebread, C. (1974). Marihuana Conviction - A history of marihuana prohibition in the United States. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia.
Borchers-Tempel, S. & Kolte, B. (2002). Cannabis consumption in Amsterdam, Bremen and San Francisco: A Three-city comparison of long-term Cannabis consumption. Journal of Drug Issues, 32(2): 395-412.
Borges, G., Walters, E.E. & Kessler, R.C. (2000). Associations of substance use, abuse
and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior. American Journal of Epidemiology, 151: 781-789.
Bouchard, M. (2008a). Towards a realistic method to estimate cannabis production in
industrialized countries. Contemporary Drug Problems, forthcoming. Bouchard, M. (under review). Convenient labor: The prevalence and nature of youth
involvement in the marijuana cultivation industry.
Boyd, N. (1986). The Social Dimensions of Law. Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada. Boydell, J., van Os, J., Caspi, A., Kennedy, N., Giouroukou, E., Fearon, P., et al.
(2006). Trends in cannabis use prior to first presentation with schizophrenia,
in South-East London between 1965 and 1999. Psychological Medicine, 36: 1441-
1446.
Brook, J.S., Cohen, P. & Brook, D.W. (1998). Longitudinal study of co-occurring psychiatric disorders and substance use. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 37: 322-330.
Brooks, A., Stothard, C., Moss, J., Christie, P. & Ali, R. (1999). Costs Associated with the Operation of the Cannabis Expiation Notice Scheme in South Australia. Adelaide: Drug and Alcohol Services Council.
Brown, T.T. & Dobs, A.S. (2002). Endocrine effects of marijuana. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42: 90S-96S.
Bruun, K., Pan, L. & Rexed, I. (1975). The Gentlemen’s Club: International Control of Drugs and Alcohol. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Budney, A.J. & Hughes, J.R. (2006). The cannabis withdrawal syndrome. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 19: 233-238.
198
Budney, A.J., Hughes, J.R., Moore, B.A. & Novy, P.L. (2001). Marijuana abstinence effects in marijuana smokers maintained in their home environment. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58: 917-924.
Budney, A.J., Hughes, J.R., Moore, B.A. & Vandrey, R. (2004). Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome. American Journal of Psychiatry, 161: 1967-1977.
Budney, A.J., Vandrey, R.G., Hughes, J.R., Moore, B.A. & Bahrenburg, B. (2007). Oral delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol suppresses cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 86: 22-29.
Bull, M. (2003). Just Treatment: A review of international programs for the diversion of drug related offenders from the criminal justice system. Department of the Premier and Cabinet Queensland: Queensland University of Technology.
Bull, M. (2005). A comparative review of best practice guidelines for the diversion of drug-related offenders. International Journal of Drug Policy, 16: 223-234.
Cabral, G.A. & Pettit, D.A.D. (1998). Drugs and immunity: cannabinoids and their role in decreased resistance to infectious disease. Journal of Neuroimmunology, 83: 116-123.
Cadoni, C., Pisanu, A., Solinas, M., Acquas, E. & Di Chiara, G. (2001). Behavioural sensitization after repeated exposure to [Delta] 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cross-sensitization with morphine. Psychopharmacology, 158: 259-266.
Caspi, A., Moffitt, T.E., Cannon, M., McClay, J., Murray, R., Harrington, H., et al. (2005). Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis use on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biological Psychiatry, 57: 1117-1127.
Castle, D.J. & Murray, R.M. (eds.). (2004). Marijuana and Madness: Psychiatry and Neurobiology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Castle, T. (2008). Cannabis classification to be tightened. In Reuters UK online, Wednesday May 7, 7:1 1BST.
http://uk.reuters.com/article/wtMostRead/idUKL0692965620080507?pageNumber=  3&virtualBrandChannel=0&sp=true.
199
Caulkins, J. et al. (2005). The Price of Illicit Drugs 1981-2003. Santa Monica CA: RAND Corp.
Caulkins, J.P. (1999). Can supply factors suppress marijuana use by youth? Drug
Policy Analysis Bulletin (Federation of American Scientists), 7: 3-5.
Caulkins, J.P. (2001). Comment on “Should the DEA’s STRIDE data be used for economic analysis of markets for illegal drugs?” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 96 (456): 1263-1264.
Caulkins, J.P. & Pacula, R. (2006). Marijuana markets: Inferences from reports by the household population. Journal of Drug Issues, 36(1): 173-200.
Chambliss, W. (1975). Criminal law in action. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Hamilton Pub. Co pp 1-477.
Chang, L. & Chronicle, E.P. (2007). Functional imaging studies in cannabis users. Neuroscientist, 13: 422-432.
Charles, M., Bewley-Taylor, D. & Neidpath, A. (2005) Drug Policy in India:
Compounding Harm? Beckley Park, Oxford, UK: Beckley Foundation, Briefing
Paper 10. http://www.ahrn.net/library upload/uploadfile/file2501.pdf
Chatwin, C. (2003). Drug policy developments within the European union: The destabilizing
effects of Dutch and Swedish drug policies. British Journal of Criminology, 43:
567-582.
Chatwin, C. (2007). Multi-level governance: The way forward for European illicit drug policy? International Journal of Drug Policy, 18: 494-502.
Chen, K. & Kandel, D.B. (1995). The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample. American Journal of Public Health, 85: 41-47.
Chesher, G. & Hall, W.D. (1999). Effects of cannabis on the cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems. In Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 435-458.
Christie, P. & Ali, R. (2000). Offences under the Cannabis Expiation Notice Scheme in South Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(3): 251-256.
200
Clements K.W. & Zhao X. (2005). Economic Aspects of Marijuana. Perth: University of Western Australia http://msc.uwa.edu.au/?f=148832
Clements, K.W. (2004). Three facts about marijuana prices. Australian Journal of Agricultural & Resource Economics, 48(2): 271-300.
Coffey, C., Carlin, J. B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M., Sanci, L. & Patton, G. C. (2002). Cannabis dependence in young adults: an Australian population study. Addiction, 97(2): 187-194.
Coffey, C., Carlin, J.B., Lynskey, M.T., Li, N. & Patton, G.C. (2003). Adolescent precursors of cannabis dependence: findings from the Victorian Adolescent Health Cohort Study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 182: 330-336.
Cohen, P. (1997). Crack in the Netherlands: Effective Social Policy is Effective Drug Policy. In Reinarman, C. & Levine, H.G. (eds.), Crack in America: Demon Drugs and Social Justice. Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 214-224.
Cohen, S. (1976). The 94-day cannabis study. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 282: 211-110.
Collin, C. (2006). Substance Abuse Issues and Public Policy in Canada (1987-2005). Ottawa: Library of Parliament.
Collins, D. & Lapsley, H. (2007). The Costs of Tobacco, Alcohol and Illicit Drug Use to
Australian Society in 2004/05. (National Drug Strategy Monograph 64). Canberra: Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing. Available from: http://www.nationaldrugstrategy.gov.au/.
Collison, M. (1994). Drug crime, drug problems, and criminal justice: Sentencing trends and enforcement targets. Howard Journal, 33: 25-40.
Conforti, B. (1993). International Law and the Role of Domestic Legal Systems. Leiden: Martinus Nijhoff.
Copeland, J., Swift, W., Roffman, R. & Stephens, R. (2001). A randomized controlled trial of brief cognitive-behavioral interventions for cannabis use disorder. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21: 55-64.
Cornelius, M.D., Goldschmidt, L., Day, N.L. & Larkby, C. (2002). Alcohol, tobacco and marijuana use among pregnant teenagers: 6-year follow-up of offspring growth effects. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 24: 703-710.
201
Costa, A.M. (2008). Making drug control 'fit for purpose': Building on the UNGASS decade Statement of the Executive Director of the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. http://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND-Session51/CND-UNGASS-CRPs/ECN72008CRP17E.pdf
Council of Europe (1989). Anti-Doping Convention. Strasbourg: Council of Europe. http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=135&C  M=8&CL=ENG
Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly (2007). For a European convention promoting public health policy in the fight against drugs. Resolution 1576 (2007). Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
http://assembly.coe.int/Main.asp?link=/Documents/AdoptedText/ta07/ERES1  576.htm
D'Souza, D.C. (2007). Cannabinoids and psychosis. International Review of Neurobiology, 78: 289-326.
D'Souza, D.C., Abi-Saab, W.M., Madonick, S., Forselius-Bielen, K., Doersch, A., Braley, G., et al. (2005). Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol effects in schizophrenia: implications for cognition, psychosis, and addiction. Biological Psychiatry, 57: 594-608.
D'Souza, D.C., Cho, H.S., Perry, E. & Krystal, J.H. (2004). Cannabinoid 'model' psychosis, dopamine-cannabinoid interactions and implications for schizophrenia. In Castle, D.J. & Murray, R.M. (eds.), Marijuana and Madness. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, pp. 142-165.
Day, N.L., Richardson, G.A., Goldschmidt, L., Robles, N., Taylor, P.M., Stoffer, D.S., et al. (1994). Effect of prenatal marijuana exposure on the cognitive development of offspring at age three. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16: 169- 175.
Day, N.L., Wagener, D. & Taylor, P. (1985). Measurement of substance use during pregnancy: methodologic issues. In Pinkert, T. (ed.), Current Research on the Consequences of Maternal Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, pp. 36-47.
202
de Kort, M. & Cramer, T. (1999). Pragmatism versus ideology: Dutch drug policy continued. Journal of Drug Issues, 29: 473-493.
De Matons, J.G. (2004). Facilitation of Transport and Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa: A
Review of International Legal Instruments. Washington: World Bank, Sub-Saharan African Transport Policy Program, SSATP Working Paper No. 73. http://www4.worldbank.org/afr/ssatp/Resources/HTML/legalreview/Main%  20Texts/SSATPWP73.pdf
De Preux, E., Dubois-Arber, F. & Zobel, F. (2004). Current trends in illegal drug use and
drug related health problems in Switzerland. Swiss Medical Weekly, 134: 313-321. de Zwart, W. & van Laar, M. (2001). Cannabis regimes. British Journal of Psychiatry,
178: 574-575.
Degenhardt, L. & Hall, W.D. (2001). The association between psychosis and problematical drug use among Australian adults: findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Psychological Medicine, 31: 659-668.
Degenhardt, L. & Hall, W.D. (2006). Is cannabis a contributory cause of psychosis? Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 51: 556-565.
Degenhardt, L. Hall, W.D. & Lynskey, M. (2000). Cohort trends in the age of initiation of drug use in Australia. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24: 421-426.
Degenhardt, L., Chiu, W.T., Sampson, N., Kessler, R.C., Anthony, J.C., et al. (2008). Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: Findings
from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. PLOS Medicine 5(7): e141 http://medicine.plosjournals.org/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1371/journal.pmed.0050141
Degenhardt, L., Hall, W.D. & Lynskey, M.T. (2003). Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and psychosis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 71: 37-48.
Denis, C., Lavie, E., Fatseas, M. & Auriacombe, M. (2006). Psychotherapeutic interventions for cannabis abuse and/or dependence in outpatient settings. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3: CD005336.
203
DiFranco, M., Sheppard, H., Hunter, D., Tosteson , T. & Ascher, M. (1996). The lack of association of marijuana and other recreational drugs with progression to AIDS in the San Francisco Men's Health Study. Annals of Epidemiology, 6: 283- 289.
Donnelly, N. & Hall, W. (1994). Patterns of Cannabis Use in Australia. National Drug
Strategy. [27]. Canberra: Australian Government Printing Service.
Donnelly, N., Hall, W. & Christie, P. (1999). The effects of the CEN scheme on levels and patterns of cannabis use in South Australia: evidence from National Drug Strategy
Household Surveys 1985-1995. Canberra: Commomwealth Department of Health and Family Services.
Donnelly, N., Hall, W. & Christie, P. (2000). The effects of the Cannabis Expiation Notice scheme on levels and patterns of cannabis use in South Australia: evidence from National Drug Strategy Household Surveys 1985-95. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(3): 265-269.
Donnelly, N., Oldenburg, B., Quine, S., Macaskill, P., Flaherty, B., Spooner, C. & Lyle, D. (1992). Changes reported in drug prevalence among New South Wales secondary school students 1983-1989. Australian Journal of Public Health, 16(1): 50-57.
Donovan, J.E. & Jessor, R. (1983). Problem drinking and the dimension of involvement with drugs: a Guttman scalogram analysis of adolescent drug use. American Journal of Public Health, 73: 543-552.
Donovan, J.E. & Jessor, R. (1985). Structure of problem behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 53: 890-904.
Dorn, N. (2004). UK policing of drug traffickers and users: policy implementation in the context of national law, European traditions, international drug conventions, and security after 2001. Journal of Drug Issues, 34: 533-550.
Draper, G. & Serafino, S. (2006). 2004 National Drug Strategy Household Survey Western Australia results. Perth: Epidemiology Branch, Department of Health WA Drug and Alcohol Office,.
Drug War Chronicle (2006). Brazilian President signs new drug law -- No jail for users. Drug War Chronicle, Issue 451, Sept. 1.
204
http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/451/lula_signs_new_brazil_drug_law_no_jail_f or_users
Drug War Chronicle (2008). Brazil Appeals Court Rules Drug Possession Not a Crime. Drug War Chronicle, Issue 538, May 30. http://stopthedrugwar.org/chronicle/538/brazil_appeals_court_drug_possession_no_c rime
Drummer, O.H., Gerostamoulos, J., Batziris, H., Chu, M., Caplehorn, J., Robertson, M.D., et al. (2004). The involvement of drugs in drivers of motor vehicles killed in Australian road traffic crashes. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 36: 239-248.
Duncan, D. & Nicholson, T. (1997). Dutch drug policy: A model for America? Journal of Health and Social Policy, 8: 1-15.
Duncan, S.C., Duncan, T.E., Biglan, A. & Ary, D. (1998). Contributions of the social context to the development of adolescent substance use: a multivariate latent growth modeling approach. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 50: 57-71.
Dutch National Alcohol and Drug Information System (2006). Treatment demand of cannabis users 2004). LADIS News Flash, pp. 1-2. Houten, netherlands: Stichting IVZ.
http://www.sivz.nl/content/_files/LADIS_News_Flash_cannabis.pdf?PHPSES SID=45d9d62d34f12464355f35e3f68455dd
Edwards, G. (2005). Matters of Substance —Drugs: Is Legalization the Right Answer – or the Wrong Question? London, etc.: Penguin Books.
Eidgennossische Kommission fur Drogenfragen (2008). Cannabis 2008: Lagenbeurteilung und Empfehlungen der Eidgenossischen Kommission fur Drogenfragen. Berne: Eidgennossische Kommission für Drogenfragen.
Ellickson, P., Bui, K., Bell, R. & McGuigan, K.A. (1998). Does early drug use increase
the risk of dropping out of high school? Journal of Drug Issues, 28: 357-380. Ellison, E. (2004). Policing cannabis: Can pragmatism replace policy? Probation Journal,
51: 415-420.
205
ElSohly, M.A. (2002). Chemical constituents of cannabis. In Grotenhermen, F. & Russo, E. (eds.), Cannabis and Cannabinoids: Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Potential. London: Haworth.
ElSohly, M.A. (2008). Quarterly Report: December 16, 2007 thru March 15, 2008. (Potency Monitoring Project Report 100). University, MS: National Center for Natural Products Research, University of Mississippi.
ElSohly, M.A., Ross, S.A., Mehmedic, Z., Arafat, R., Yi, B. & Banahan, B.F. (2000).
Potency trends of delta(9)-THC and other cannabinoids in confiscated marijuana from 1980-1997. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45: 24-30.
EMCDDA (2003). Annual Report 2003: The State of the Drugs Problem in the European
Union and Norway. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities. Available from: http://candidates2003.emcdda.europa.eu/en/home-en.html.
EMCDDA (2004a). An Overview of Cannabis Potency in Europe. Insights, No. 6. Lisbon: EMCDDA. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index33984EN.html
EMCDDA (2004b). “Cannabis problems in context – understanding the increase in European treatment demands” chapter from: Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway.
EMCDDA (2004c). EMCDDA Insights: An Overview of Cannabis Potency in Europe. Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities.
EMCDDA (2005). Thematic Papers: illicit drug use in the EU: legislative approaches. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/attachements.cfm/att_10080_EN_EMCDDATP_01.pdf
EMCDDA (2006). Annual Report 2006: The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
EMCDDA (2007). Cannabis, pp. 37-46 in: Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in the European Union and Norway. Lisbon: EMCDDA. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index44682EN.html
EMCDDA (2007). Statistical Bulletin 2007. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction.
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index34943EN.html
206
EMCDDA (2007). European Legal Database on Drugs - Topic Overviews- Possession of cannabis for personal use. Lisbon: European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5769EN.html
EMCDDA. (2007). Annual Report 2007: The state of the drugs problem in Europe Lisbon: EMCDDA.
English, D., Hulse, G., Milne, E., Holman, C. & Bower, C. (1997). Maternal cannabis use and birth weight: a meta-analysis. Addiction, 92: 1553-1560.
Erickson, P. (1976). Deterrence and deviance: the example of cannabis prohibition. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 67(2): 222-232.
Erickson, P. (1980). Cannabis criminals: the social effects of punishment on drug users. Toronto: Addiction Research Foundation.
Erickson, P. & Murray, G. (1986). Cannabis criminals revisited. British Journal of Addiction, 81: 81-85.
Erickson, P. & Oscapella, E. (1999). Cannabis in Canada - A puzzling policy. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10: 313-318.
Ericson, R. & Baranek, P. (1982). The ordering of justice: A study of accused persons
as dependants in the criminal process. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. European Legal Database on Drugs (2004a). Country Profile-Austria.
http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/html.cfm/index5174EN.html
European Legal Database on Drugs (2004b). Country profile-France. http://eldd.emcdda.europa.eu/index.cfm?fuseaction=public.content&sLanguageISO= EN&nNodeID=5174
Eyler, F.D. & Behnke, M. (1999). Early development of infants exposed to drugs prenatally. Clinics in Perinatology, 26: 107-150.
Fankhauser, W. (2008). Cannabis as medicine in Europe in the 19th Century. In: Rödner Sznitman, S., Olsson, B. & Room, R. (eds.) (2008) A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences, vol. 1, pp. 5-14. Lisbon, European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Abuse. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis
207
Farrelly, M.C., Bray, J.W., Zarkin, G.A. & Wendling, B.W. (2001). The joint demand for cigarettes and marijuana: Evidence from the National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse. Journal of Health Economics, 20: 51-68.
Fergusson, D.M. & Horwood, L.J. (1997). Early onset cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in young adults. Addiction, 92: 279-296.
Fergusson, D.M. & Horwood, L.J. (2000). Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use? Addiction, 95: 505-520.
Fergusson, D.M. & Horwood, L.J. (2001). Cannabis use and traffic accidents in a birth cohort of young adults. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 33: 703-711.
Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J. & Northstone, K. (2002a). Maternal use of cannabis and pregnancy outcome. British Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 109: 21- 27.
Fergusson, D.M., Horwood, L.J. & Swain-Campbell, N.R. (2003). Cannabis dependence and psychotic symptoms in young people. Psychological Medicine, 33: 15-21.
Fergusson, D.M., Horword, L.J. & Swain-Campbell, N. (2002b). Cannabis use and psychosocial adjustment in adolescence and young adulthood. Addiction, 97: 1123-1135.
Fergusson, D.M., Lynskey, M.T. & Horwood, L.J. (1996). The short-term consequences of early onset cannabis use. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 24: 499-512.
Fetherston, J. & Lenton, S. (2007). A pre-post comparison of the impacts of the Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice scheme on public attitudes, knowledge and use. Perth: National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology.
Fischer, B., Ala-Leppilampi, K., Single, E. & Robins, A. (2003). Cannabis law reform
in Canada: Is the "saga of promise, hesitation and retreat" coming to an end? Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 45(3): 265-297.
Fischer, B., Room, R. & Ala-Leppilampi, K. (2001). Cannabis-use control in western countries - A brief review of history and present. In: European City Conference on Cannabis Policy (conference book), pp. 37-42. The Hague: ES&E.
208
Fischer, B., Single, E., Room, R., Poulin, C., Sawka, E., Thompson, H. & Topp, J. (1998). Cannabis use in Canada: Policy options for control. Options Politiques, 19: 34-38.
Fitzsimmons, G. & Cooper-Stanbury, M. (2000). 1998 National Drug Strategy Household Survey - State and territory results. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare.
Forrester, M.B. & Merz, R.D. (2007). Risk of selected birth defects with prenatal illicit drug use, Hawaii, 1986-2002. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part A, 70: 7-18.
Fosados, R., Evans, E. & Hser, Y. (2007). Ethnic Difference in utilization of drug treatment services and outcomes among Proposition 36 offenders in California. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 33: 391-399.
Fratello, D. (2006). Proposition 36: Improving Lives, Delivering Results - A review of the first four years of California's Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act of 2000. San Francisco: Drug Policy Alliance.
Fried, P.A. & Smith, A.R. (2001). A literature review of the consequences of prenatal marihuana exposure: an emerging theme of a deficiency in aspects of executive function. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23: 1-11.
Fried, P.A. & Watkinson, B. (2000). Visuoperceptual functioning differs in 9- to 12- year olds prenatally exposed to cigarettes and marihuana. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 22: 11-20.
Gable, R.S. (2004). Comparison of acute lethal toxicity of commonly abused psychoactive substances. Addiction, 99: 686-696.
Gamella, J.F. & Jiménez Rodrigo, M.L. (2004). A brief history of cannabis policies in Spain (1968-2003). Journal of Drug Issues, 623-659.
Gamella, J.F. & Jiménez Rodrigo, M.L. (2008). Multinational export–import ventures: Moroccan hashish into Europe through Spain. In: Rödner Sznitman, S., Olsson, B. & Room, R. (eds.) (2008): A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences, vol. 1, pp. 261-289. Lisbon, European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Abuse.
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis
209
Gardner, E. (1999). Cannabinoid interaction with brain reward systems. In Nahas, G.G., Sutin, K., Harvey, D. & Agurell, S. (eds.), Marihuana and Medicine. Towa, NJ: Humana Press, pp. 187–205.
Geiser, U. (2007). Pot smokers hope for support in parliament. Bern: Swissinfo. http://www.swissinfo.org/eng/politics/internal_affairs/Pot_smokers_hope_for_suppor t_in_parliament.html?siteSect=1511&sid=8469963&cKey=1197372388000&ty=st
Gelders, D. & Vander Laenen, F. (2007). Mr. Police Officer I thought cannabis was
legal; introducing new policy regarding cannabis in Belgium: a story of good intentions and Babel. Drugs: Education, Prevention & Policy, 14: 103-116.
Gerberich, S.G., Sidney, S., Braun, B.L., Tekawa, I.S., Tolan, K.K. & Quesenberry, C.P. (2003). Marijuana use and injury events resulting in hospitalization. Annals of Epidemiology, 13: 230-237.
Gettman, J. (2007). Lost taxes and other costs of marijuana laws. Report for the Bulletin of Cannabis Reform
http://www.drugscience.org/Archive/bcr4/bcr4index.html
Gibson, G., Baghurst, P. & Colley, D. (1983). Maternal alcohol, tobacco and cannabis consumption and the outcome of pregnancy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 23: 15-19.
Giffen, J., Endicott,S., & Lambert,S. (1991). Panic and Indifference - The Politics of
Canada's Drug Laws. Ottawa: Canadian Centre on Substance Abuse.
Goldkamp, J., White,M. & Robinsonj. (2001). Do drug courts work? Getting inside
the drug court black box. Journal of Drug Issues, 31: 27-72.
Goldschmidt, L., Day, N.L. & Richardson, G.A. (2000). Effects of prenatal marijuana exposure on child behavior problems at age 10. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 22: 325-336.
Golub, A. & Johnson, B. (2001). Variation in youthful risks of progression from alcohol and tobacco to marijuana and to hard drugs across generations. American Journal of Public Health, 91(2): 225-232.
Golub, A., Johnson, B.D. & Dunlap, E. (2007). The race/ethnicity disparity in
misdemeanor marijuana arrests in New York City. Criminology & Public Policy, 6(1): 301-335.
210
Gottfredson, D. (1987). Prediction and classification in criminal justice decision making. Crime & Justice, 9: 1-20.
Gottschalk, L., Aronow, W. & Prakash, R. (1977). Effect of marijuana and placebo-marijuana smoking on psychological state and on psychophysiological and cardiovascular functioning in angina patients. Biological Psychiatry, 12: 255- 266.
Gouyis Roman, C., Ahn-Redding, H. & Simon, R.J. (2005). Illicit Drug Policies, Trafficking, and Use the World Over. Lanham, MD & Plymouth, UK: Lexington Books.
Greenfield, T.K., Kerr, W.C., Bond, J., Ye, Y. & Stockwell, T. (forthcoming). Improving Graduated Frequencies alcohol measures for monitoring consumption patterns: Results from US and Australian national surveys, a
Goa community survey, and a diary validity study. Contemporary Drug Problems.
Greenfield, T.K. & Rogers, J.D. (1999). Who drinks most of the alcohol in the U.S.? The policy implications. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 60(1):78-89.
Grossman, M. (2005). Individual behaviors and substance use: The role of price, in: Lindgren, B. and Grossman, M. (eds.) Substance Use: Individual Behaviors, Social Interactions, Markets and Politics, Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research Vol. 16, Amsterdam: Elsevier. http://ideas.repec.org/p/nbr/nberwo/10948.html
Grotenhermen, F. (2007). The toxicology of cannabis and cannabis prohibition. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 4: 1744-1769.
Grotenhermen, F., Leson, G., Berghaus, G., Drummer, O.H., Kruger, H.P., Longo, M., et al. (2007). Developing limits for driving under cannabis. Addiction, 102: 1910-1917.
Grufferman, S., Schwartz, A.G., Ruymann, F.B. & Maurer, H.M. (1993). Parents' use of cocaine and marijuana and increased risk of rhabdomyosarcoma in their children. Cancer Causes and Control, 4: 217-224.
Gurney, J., Smith, M.A. & Bunin, C. (2000a). CNS and miscellaneous intracranial and intraspinal neoplasms. In Reis, L., Eisner, M., Kosary, C., Hankey, B., Miller,
211
B., Clegg, L., et al. (eds.), SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1997. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, pp. 51-63.
Gurney, J., Young, J., Roffers, S., Smith, M.A. & Bunin, C. (2000b). Soft tissue sarcomas. In Reis, L., Eisner, M., Kosary, C., Hankey, B., Miller, B., Clegg, L., et al. (eds.), SEER cancer statistics review, 1973-1997. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, pp. 11-123.
Hakkarainen, P., Kainulainen, H. & Perälä, J. (forthcoming). Measuring the cannabis market in Finland: A consumption-based estimate. Contemporary Drug Problems.
Hales, J., Mayne, M., Swan, A., Alberti, S. & Ritter, A. (2004). Evaluation of Queensland Illicit Drug Diversion Initiative (QIDDI) Police Diversion Program: Final Report Brisbane: Queensland Health.
Hall, W.D. (1995). The public health significance of cannabis use in Australia. Australian Journal of Public Health, 19: 235-242.
Hall, W.D. (1999a). Assessing the health and psychological effects of cannabis use. In Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of
Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 1-17.
Hall, W.D. (2008a). The contribution of research to the development of a national cannabis policy in Australia. Addiction, 103:712-720.
Hall, W. & Degenhardt, L. (2003a). Medical marijuana initiatives: Are they justified? How successful are they likely to be? CNS Drugs, 17: 689-697.
Hall, W.D. & Lynskey, M.T. (2005). Is cannabis a gateway drug? Testing hypotheses about the relationship between cannabis use and the use of other illicit drugs. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24: 39-48.
Hall, W.D. & MacPhee, D. (2002). Cannabis use and cancer. Addiction, 97: 243-247. Hall, W.D. & Pacula, R.L. (2003b). Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Hall, W.D. & Solowij, N. (1998). The adverse effects of cannabis use. Lancet, 352: 1611- 1616.
212
Hall, W.D. & Swift, W. (2000). The THC content of cannabis in Australia: evidence and implications. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 24: 503- 508.
Hall, W.D., Degenhardt, L. & Lynskey, M.T. (2001). The Health and Psychological Effects of Cannabis Use. (National Drug Strategy Monograph 44). Canberra:
Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care. Available from: http://www.health.gov.au.
Hall, W.D., Degenhardt, L. & Sindicich, N. (2008b in press). Illicit drug use and the
burden of disease. In Heggenhougen, K. & Quah, S. (eds.), International Encyclopedia of Public Health. Amsterdam: Elsevier.
Hall, W.D., Doran, C., Degenhardt, L. & Shepard, D. (2006). Illicit opioid dependence. In Jamison, D., Evans, D. & Alleyne, G. (eds.), Disease Control Priorities for
Developing Countries. New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 907-931.
Hall, W.D., Room, R. & Bondy, S. (1999b). Comparing the health and psychological risks of alcohol, cannabis, nicotine and opiate use. In Kalant, H., Corrigal, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 475-506.
Hall, W.D., Teesson, M., Lynskey, M.T. & Degenhardt, L. (1999c). The 12-month prevalence of substance use and ICD-10 substance use disorders in Australian adults: findings from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Addiction, 94: 1541-1550.
Han, C., McGue, M.K. & Iacono, W.G. (1999). Lifetime tobacco, alcohol and other substance use in adolescent Minnesota twins: univariate and multivariate behavioral genetic analyses. Addiction, 94: 981-993.
Harris, A. (2005). Consumer Trends No. 36: Quarter 1, 2005. London: Office of National Statistics.
http://www.statistics.gov.uk/downloads/themeeconomy/CT2005Q1.pdf
Hart, C.L. (2005). Increasing treatment options for cannabis dependence: a review of
potential pharmacotherapies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 80: 147-159.
213
Hashibe, M., Straif, K., Tashkin, D.P., Morgenstern, H., Greenland, S. & Zhang, Z.F. (2005). Epidemiologic review of marijuana use and cancer risk. Alcohol, 35: 265-275.
Hatch, E. & Bracken, M. (1986). Effect of marijuana use in pregnancy on fetal growth. American Journal of Epidemiology, 124: 986-993.
Hawkins, J.D., Catalano, R.F. & Miller, J.Y. (1992). Risk and protective factors for
alcohol and other drug problems in adolescence and early adulthood: implications for substance abuse prevention. Psychological Bulletin, 112: 64- 105.
Heale, P., Hawks, D. & Lenton, S. (2000). Public awareness, knowledge and attitudes regarding the CEN System in South Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(3): 271-280.
Health Canada (2005). Medical Use of Marihuana - FAQs. Ottawa: Health Canada.
http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/dhp-mps/marihuana/about-apropos/faq-eng.php
Heath, A.C. (1995). Genetic influences on alcoholism risk: a review of adoption and
twin studies. Alcohol Health and Research World, 19: 166-171.
Helfer, L.R. (2005). Exiting treaties. Virginia Law Review, 91: 1579-1648. http://ssrn.com/abstract=683481
Helfer, L.R. (2006). Not fully committed? Reservations, risk and treaty design. Yale Journal of International Law, 31: 367-382. http://www.yale.edu/yjil/PDFs/vol31/Helfer.pdf
Hendrick, D., Martin, M. & Greenberg, P. (2003). Conditional Sentencing in Canada: A statisical profile 1997-2001. Report 85-560-XIE.
Henquet, C., Krabbendam, L., de Graaf, R., ten Have, M. & van Os, J. (2006). Cannabis use and expression of mania in the general population. Journal of Affective Disorders, 95: 103-110.
Henquet, C., Krabbendam, L., Spauwen, J., Kaplan, C., Lieb, R., Wittchen, H.U., et al. (2004). Prospective cohort study of cannabis use, predisposition for psychosis, and psychotic symptoms in young people. BMJ, 330: 11.
214
Heustis, M.A. (2005). Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of the plant cannabinoids,
delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and cannabinol. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 168: 657-690.
Heustis, M.A., Gorelick, D.A., Heishman, S.J., Preston, K.L., Nelson, R.A., Moochan, E.T., et al. (2001). Blockade of effects of smoked marijuana by the CB1- selective cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR141716. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58: 322-328.
Hibell, B., Andersson, B., Bjarnason, T., Ahlström, S., Balakireva, O., Kokkevi, A. & Morgan, M. (2004). The ESPAD report 2003: alcohol and other drug use among students in 35 European countries. Stockholm: Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs.
Hickman, M., Vickerman, P., Macleod, J., Kirkbride, J. & Jones, P.B. (2007). Cannabis and schizophrenia: model projections of the impact of the rise in cannabis use
on historical and future trends in schizophrenia in England and Wales. Addiction, 102: 597-606.
Hillman, S.D., Silburn, S.R., Green, A. & Zubrick, S.R. (2000). Youth Suicide in Western Australia Involving Cannabis and Other Drugs. Perth: Western Australian Drug Abuse Strategy Office.
Hilts, P.H. (1994). "Is nicotine addictive? It depends on whose criteria you use: experts say the definition of addiction is evolving." New York Times 2 August: p. C3.
Hingson, R., Alpert, J., Day, N., Dooling, E., Kayne, H., Morelock, S., et al. (1982a). Effects of maternal drinking and marijuana use on fetal growth and development. Pediatrics, 70: 539-546.
Hingson, R., Heeren, T., Mangione, T., Morelock, S. & Mucatel, M. (1982b). Teenage driving after using marijuana or drinking and traffic accident involvement. Journal of Safety Research, 13: 33-37.
Hollister, L.E. (1986). Health aspects of cannabis. Pharmacological Reviews, 38: 1-20. House of Commons of Canada (2004). Bill C-17: Ottawa: Minister of Justice. http://www2.parl.gc.ca/HousePublications/Publication.aspx?Docid=2333887&file=4
215
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/attachments.cfm/att37361ENsel20042-  en.pdf [accessed June 23, 2008]
Hughes, C. E. & Stevens, A. (2007). The effects of decriminalization of drug use in Portugal, Briefing paper fourteen. London: The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Program.
Huizink, A.C. & Mulder, E.J. (2006). Maternal smoking, drinking or cannabis use during pregnancy and neurobehavioral and cognitive functioning in human offspring. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 30: 24-41.
Hutchings, D. & Fried, P.A. (1999). Cannabis during pregnancy: neurobehavioural effects in animals and humans. In Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 435-458.
IDPC (2007). The 2007 Commission on Narcotic Drugs. IDPC Briefing Paper No. 5. Witley, Surrey, UK: International Drug Policy Consortium. http://www.internationaldrugpolicy.net/reports/IDPC Report 5.pdf
IDPC (2008). The 2008 Commission on Narcotic Drugs – Report on Proceedings. IDPC Briefing Paper No. 8. Witley, Surrey, UK: International Drug Policy Consortium. http://idpc.info/php-
bin/documents/IDPC BP 08 RptProcedings2008CND EN.pdf
INCB (2007). Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2006. New York: United Nations. http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/ar/2006/annual-report-2006- en.pdf
INCB (2008). Report of the International Narcotics Control Board for 2007. New York:
United Nations. http://www.incb.org/incb/annual-report-2007.html  Institute of Medicine (1999). Marijuana and Medicine: Assessing the Science Base.
Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Iversen, L. (2007). The Science of Marijuana. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Johnson, B., Dunlap, E., Sifaneckl, S.J. & Ream, G.L. (2007). Ethnicity, marijuana use etiquette, and marijuana-related police contact in New York City. Presented at the annual meeting of the American Sociological Association, New York City.
216
http://www.allacademic.com/meta/pmlaaparesearchcitation/1/8/2/9/4/p1  82943index.html
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M. & Bachman, J. G. (1981). Marijuana decriminalisation: The impact on Youth1975-80.Monitoring the Future. Occasional Paper Series. Paper 13. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, Michigan University.
Johnston, L. D., O’Malley, P. M., Bachman, J. G. & Schulenberg, J. E. (2007). Monitoring the Future national survey results on drug use, 1975-2006: Volume I,
Secondary school students (NIH Publication No. 07-6205). Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Jones, R.T. (2002). Cardiovascular system effects of marijuana. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42: 58S-63S.
Jones, R.T., Benowitz, N. & Herning, R.I. (1976). The 30-day trip: clinical studies of cannabis use, tolerance and dependence. In Braude, M. & Szara, S. (eds.), The Pharmacology of Marijuana. New York: Academic Press, Vol. 2, pp. 627-642.
Joy, J., Watson, S. & Benson, J. (1999). Institute of Medicine: Marijuana and Medicine - Assessing the Science Base. Washington D.C: National Academy Press.
Justice Research and Statistics Association (2000). Creating a new criminal justice
system for the 21st century: Findings and results from state and local program evaluations. Washington DC: US Bureau of Justice Assistance.
Kalant, H. (2004). Adverse effects of cannabis on health: an update of the literature since 1996. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 28: 849-863.
Kalant, H., Corrigal, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.). (1999). The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
Kandel, D. B. & Davies, M. (1992). Progression to regular marijuana involvement:
Phenomenology and risk factors for near-daily use. In M. Glantz & R. Pickens (Eds.), Vulnerability to drug abuse (pp. 211-253). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Kandel, D.B. (1984). Marijuana users in young adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 41: 200-209.
217
Kandel, D.B. (2002). Stages and Pathways of Drug Involvement: Examining the Gateway Hypothesis. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Kandel, D.B., Davies, M., Karus, D. & Yamaguchi, K. (1986). The consequences in young adulthood of adolescent drug involvement: an overview. Archives of General Psychiatry, 43: 746-754.
Kapp, C. (2003). Swiss debate whether to legalise cannabis. The Lancet, 362: 970-971.
Kaslow, R.A., Blackwelder, W.C., Ostrow, D.G., Yerg, D., Palenicek, J., Coulson, A.H., et al. (1989). No evidence for a role of alcohol or other psychoactive drugs in accelerating immunodeficiency in HIV -1-positive individuals: a report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. JAMA, 261: 3424-3429.
Kellough, G. & Wortley, S. (2002). Remand for plea: Bail decisions and plea bargaining as commensurate decisions. British Journal of Criminology, 42: 186- 210.
Kelly, E., Darke, S. & Ross, J. (2004). A review of drug use and driving: epidemiology, impairment, risk factors and risk perceptions. Drug and Alcohol Review, 23: 319-344.
Kessler, D. & Piehl, A. (1998). The role of discretion in the criminal justice system. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization, 14: 256-276.
Kessler, R.C., McGonagle, K.A., Zhao, S., Nelson, C.B., Hughes, M., Eshleman, S., et
al. (1994). Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of DSM-III-R psychiatric disorders in the United States. Results from the National Comorbidity Survey. Archives of General Psychiatry, 51: 8-19.
Khatapoush, S. (2004). Sending the wrong message: did medical marijuana legalization in California change attitudes about use of marijuana. Journal of Drug Issues, 34: 751-770.
Kilmer, B. (2002). Do cannabis possession laws influence cannabis use? In Cannabis 2002 report - Technical report of the international scientific conference, Brussels,
Belgium (pp. 101-123). Brussels: Ministry of Public Health of Belgium.
King, L., Carpentier, C. & Griffiths, P. (2005b). Cannabis potency in Europe. Addiction, 100: 884–886.
218
Kleber, H.D., Weiss, R.D., Anton, R.F., Jr., George, T.P., Greenfield, S.F., Kosten, T.R., et al. (2007). Treatment of patients with substance use disorders, second edition. American Psychiatric Association. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164: 5-123.
Klein, T.W., Newton, C.A. & Friedman, H. (2001). Cannabinoids and the immune system. Pain Research and Management, 6: 95-101.
Klonoff-Cohen, H.S., Natarajan, L. & Chen, R.V. (2006). A prospective study of the effects of female and male marijuana use on in vitro fertilization (IVF) and gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) outcomes. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 194: 369-376.
Kolodny, R.C., Masters, W.H., Kolodner, R.M. & Toro, G. (1974). Depression of
plasma testosterone levels after chronic intensive marihuana use. New England Journal of Medicine, 290: 872-874.
Korf, D. (2008). An open front door: the coffee shop phenomenon in the Netherlands, in: Rödner Sznitman, S., Olsson, B. & Room, R. (eds.) (2008) A cannabis reader:
global issues and local experiences, vol. 1, pp. 140-154. Lisbon, European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Abuse. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis
Korf, D. J. (2002). Dutch coffee shops and trends in cannabis use. Addictive Behaviors, 27(6): 851-866.
Kouri, E.M. & Pope, H.G. (2000). Abstinence symptoms during withdrawal from chronic marijuana use. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 8: 483- 492.
Krajewski, K. (1999). How Flexible are the UN Drug Conventions? The International Journal of Drug Policy, 10(4): 329-338.
Ku, J. (2005a). The ICJ v. WTO: The EU’s compliance with one treaty may violate another. Opinio Juris weblog, 19 May. http://lawofnations.blogspot.com/2005/05/icj-v-wto-eus-compliance-withone.html
219
Ku, J. (2005b). Treaties as laws: a defense of the last in time rule for treaties and federal statutes. Indiana Law Journal, 80: 319-391. http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstractid=597961
Kuijten, R.R., Bunin, G.R., Nass, C.C. & Meadows, A.T. (1992). Parental occupation and childhood astrocytoma - results of a case control study. Cancer Research, 52: 782-786.
Kumm, M. & Comella, V.F. (2004). Altneuland: The EU Constitution in a Contextual Perspective. New York: New York University School of Law, Jean Monnet Working Paper 5/04. http://www.jeanmonnetprogram.org/papers/04/040501-  15.pdf
Lamarque, S., Taghzouti, K. & Simon, H. (2001). Chronic treatment with [Delta] 9- tetrahydrocannabinol enhances the locomotor response to amphetamine and heroin: implications for vulnerability to drug addiction. Neuropharmacology, 41: 118-129.
Lattimore, P., Broner, N. & Sherman, R. (2003). A comparison of prebooking and postbooking programs for mentally ill substance-using individuals with justice involvement. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 19: 30-64.
Laumon, B., Gadegbeku, B., Martin, J.L. & Biecheler, M.B. (2005). Cannabis intoxication and fatal road crashes in France: population based case-control study. BMJ, 331: 1371.
Ledent, C., Valverde, O., Cossu, C., Petitet, F., Aubert, L.F., Beslot, F., et al. (1999). Unresponsiveness to cannabinoids and reduced addictive effects of opiates in CB1 receptor knockout mice. Science, 283: 401-404.
Leggett, T. & Pietschmann, T. (2008). Global cannabis cultivation and production. In: Rödner Sznitman, S., Olsson, B. & Room, R. (eds.) (2008) A cannabis reader:
global issues and local experiences, vol. 1, pp. 187-212. Lisbon, European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Abuse. http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis
Leigh, L. (2007). The seamless web? Diversion from the criminal process and judicial review. The Modern Law Review, 70: 654-679.
220
Leinwand, M.A. (1971). The international law of treaties and United States
legalization of marijuana. Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, 10: 413-441. Lemmens, P. & Garretsen, H. (1998). Unstable pragmatism: Dutch drug policy under
national and international pressure. Addiction, 93: 157-162.
Lenton, S. (2005a). Deterrence theory and the limitations of criminal penalties for cannabis use. In T. Stockwell, P. Gruenewald, J. Toumbourou & W. Loxley (Eds.), Preventing harmful substance use: The evidence base for policy and practice. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
Lenton, S. (2007). The WA Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme: Reflections on the first 3 years. In Invited plenary presentation at the Working Out What Works Symposium. Fremantle, 18-19 September 2007.
Lenton, S. & Heale, P. (2000a). Arrest, court and social impacts of conviction for a minor cannabis offence under strict prohibition. Contemporary Drug Problems, 27: 805-833.
Lenton, S., Christie, P., Humeniuk, R., Brooks, A., Bennett, P. & Heale, P. (1999a). Infringement versus conviction: The social impact of a minor cannabis offence under a civil penalties system and strict prohibition in two Australian states (monograph No. 36). Canberra: Publications Productions Unit, Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, National Drug Strategy.
Lenton, S., Ferrante, A. & Loh, N. (1996). Dope busts in the West: minor cannabis offenses in the criminal justice system in Western Australia. Drug and Alcohol Review, 15: 335-341.
Lenton, S., Heale, P., Erickson, P., Single, E., Lang, E. & Hawks, D. (2000b). The regulation of cannabis possession, use and supply: A discussion document prepared for the drug and crime prevention. Committee of the Parliament of Victoria. NDRI Monograph No. 3. Perth: National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University of Technology.
Lenton, S., McDonald, D., Ali, R. & Moore, T. (1999b). Laws applying to minor cannabis offences in Australia and their evaluation. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10: 299-303.
221
Lenton, S. (2005b). Evaluation of Western Australian Cannabis Infringement Notice Scheme - An Overview. Drug and Alcohol Review, 24: 297-299.
Lessem, J.M., Hopfer, C.J., Haberstick, B.C., Timberlake, D., Ehringer, M.A., Smolen, A., et al. (2006). Relationship between adolescent marijuana use and young adult illicit drug use. Behavior Genetics, 36: 498-506.
Lichtman, A.H. & Martin, B.R. (2005). Cannabinoid tolerance and dependence. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, 168: 691-717.
Lichtman, A.H., Fisher, J. & Martin, B.R. (2001). Precipitated cannabinoid withdrawal is reversed by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol or clonidine. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, 69: 181-188.
Lifrak, P.D., McKay, J.R., Rostain, A., Alterman, A.I. & Obrien, C.P. (1997). Relationship of perceived competencies, perceived social support, and gender to substance use in young adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36: 933-940.
Llewellyn, C.D., Linklater, K., Bell, J., Johnson, N.W. & Warnakulasuriya, S. (2004). An analysis of risk factors for oral cancer in young people: a case-control study. Oral Oncology, 40: 304-313.
Loeber, R.T. & Yurgelun-Todd, D.A. (1999). Human neuroimaging of acute and chronic marijuana use: implications for frontocerebellar dysfunction. Human Psychopharmacology - Clinical and Experimental, 14: 291-304.
Longo, M.C., Hunter, C.E., Lokan, R.J., White, J.M. & White, M.A. (2000). The prevalence of alcohol, cannibinoids, benzodiazepines and stimulants amongst injured drivers and their role in driver culpability. Part II: the relationship between drug prevalence and drug concentration, and driver culpability. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 32: 623-632.
Longshore, D., Evans, E., Urada, D., Teruya, C., Hardy, M., Hser, Y., Prendergast, M. & Ettner, S. (2003). Evaluation of the Substance Abuse and Crime Prevention Act 2002 Report. Report Prepared for the Department of Alcohol and Drug
Programs California Health and Human Services Agency. Los Angeles: University of California Los Angeles UCLA.
222
Lubman, D. I., Yucel, M. & Hall, W. D. (2007). Substance use and the adolescent brain: A toxic combination? J Psychopharmacol, 21(8): 792-794.
Lucas, P. (2008). Regulating compassion: An overview of Canada's federal medical cannabis policy and practice. Harm Reduction Journal, 5: 1-13.
Lundqvist, T., Jonsson, S. & Warkentin, S. (2001). Frontal lobe dysfunction in long-term cannabis users. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 23: 437-443.
Lyketsos, C.G., Garrett, E., Liang, K.Y. & Anthony, J.C. (1999). Cannabis use and
cognitive decline in persons under 65 years of age. American Journal of Epidemiology, 149: 794-800.
Lynskey, M.T. (2002). An alternative model is feasible, but the gateway hypothesis
has not been invalidated: comments on Morral et al. Addiction, 97: 1505-1507. Lynskey, M.T. & Hall, W.D. (2000). The effects of adolescent cannabis use on
educational attainment: a review. Addiction, 96: 433-443.
Lynskey, M.T., Heath, A.C., Bucholz, K.K. & Slutske, W.S. (2003). Escalation of drug use in early-onset cannabis users vs co-twin controls. JAMA, 289: 427-433.
Lynskey, M.T., Vink, J.M. & Boomsma, D.I. (2006). Early onset cannabis use and progression to other drug use in a sample of Dutch twins. Behavior Genetics, 36: 195-200.
Lynskey, M.T., White, V., Hill, D., Letcher, T. & Hall, W.D. (1999). Prevalence of illicit drug use among youth: results from the Australian school students' alcohol and drugs survey. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 23: 519- 524.
MacCoun, R. & Reuter, P. (1997). Interpreting Dutch cannabis policy: Reasoning by analogy in the legalisation debate. Science, 278(3): 47-52.
MacCoun, R. & Reuter, P. (2001a). Comparative cannabis use data - Authors reply. Br J Psychiatry, 179(2): 175-177.
MacCoun, R. & Reuter, P. (2001b). Evaluating alternative cannabis regimes. British Journal of Psychiatry, 178: 123-128.
Macintosh, A. (2006). Drug Law Reform Beyond Prohibition. Report Discussion Paper Number 83. The Australian Institute.
223
Macleod, J., Oakes, R., Copello, A., Crome, I., Egger, M., Hickman, M., et al. (2004). Psychological and social sequelae of cannabis and other illicit drug use by
young people: a systematic review of longitudinal, general population studies. Lancet, 363: 1579-1588.
MacPhee, D. (1999). Effects of marijuana on cell nuclei: a review of the literature relating to the genotoxicity of cannabis. In Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 435-458.
Maldonado, R. (2002). Study of cannabinoid dependence in animals. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 95: 153-164.
Manfredi, C. & Maioni, A. (2002). Courts and health policy: Judicial policy making and publicly funded health care in Canada. Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law, 27: 213-240.
Mannisto, P. & Kaakkola, S. (2006). Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT): Biochemistry, molecular biology, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy of the new selective COMT inhibitors. Pharmacological Reviews, 51: 593-628.
Manzanares, J., Corchero, J., Romero, J., Fernandez-Ruiz, J.J., Ramos, J.A. & Fuentes, J.A. (1999). Pharmacological and biochemical interactions between opioids and cannabinoids. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences, 20: 287-294.
Marijuana Policy Project (2007). State-by state medical marijuana laws: How to remove
the threat of arrest. Capitol Hill, Washington DC: Marijuana Policy Project.
Marselos, M. & Karamanakos, P. (1999). Mutagenicity, developmental toxicity and carcinogeneity of cannabis. Addiction Biology, 4: 5-12.
May, T. (2007). personal communication, 11/10/2007.
May, T., Duffy, M., Warburton, H. & Hough, M. (2007). Policing cannabis as a Class C
drug : an arresting change? York, UK: Joseph Rowntree Foundation.
McCoy, Alfred W. (1991). The Politics of Heroin: CIA Complicity in the Global Drug
Trade. Brooklyn, NY: Lawrence Hill Books.
McDonald, D., Moore, R., Norberry, J., Wardlaw, G. & Ballenden, N. (1994). Legislative Options for Cannabis in Australia. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service.
224
McGee, R. & Feehan, M. (1993). Cannabis use among New Zealand adolescents. New Zealand Medical Journal, 106: 345.
McGee, R., Williams, S., Poulton, R. & Moffitt, T. (2000). A longitudinal study of
cannabis use and mental health from adolescence to early adulthood. Addiction, 95: 491-503.
McGeorge, J. & Aitken, C. K. (1997). Effects of cannabis decriminalization in the Australian capital territory on university students' patterns of use. Journal of Drug Issues, 27(4): 785-793.
McLaren, J., Swift, W., Dillon, P. & Allsop, S. (2008). Cannabis potency and contamination: a review of the literature. Addiction, 103: 1100-1109.
McRae, A.L., Budney, A.J. & Brady, K.T. (2003). Treatment of marijuana dependence: a review of the literature. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24: 369-376.
Mehra, R., Moore, B.A., Crothers, K., Tetrault, J. & Fiellin, D.A. (2006). The association between marijuana smoking and lung cancer: a systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166: 1359-1367.
Mellinger, G.D., Somers, R.H., Davidson, S.T. & Manheimer, S.H. (1976). The
amotivational syndrome and the college student. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 282: 37-55.
Mendelson, J.H. & Mello, N.K. (1984). Effects of marijuana on neuroendocrine hormones in human males and females. In Braude, M. & Ludford, J.P. (eds.), Marijuana Effects on the Endocrine and Reproductive Systems. Rockville, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse.
Mendelson, J.H., Kuehnle, J., Ellingboe, J. & Babor, T.F. (1974). Plasma testosterone levels before, during and after chronic marihuana smoking. New England Journal of Medicine, 291: 1051-1055.
Miller, J. & Lang, A. (2007). ASSAD Drug Report 2005. Canberra: TNS Social Research. Mills, J.H. (2003). Cannabis Britannica: Empire, Trade, and Prohibition 1800-1928. New York: Oxford University Press.
Miron, J. O. (2002). The effect of marijuana decriminalization on the budgets of
Massachusetts Governments, with a discussion of decriminalization’s effect on marijuana use. Massachusettes: Drug Policy Forum of Massachusetts.
225
Mittleman, M.A., Lewis, R.A., Maclure, M., Sherwood, J.B. & Muller, J.E. (2001). Triggering myocardial infarction by marijuana. Circulation, 103: 2805-2809.
Model, K. E. (1993). The effect of marijuana decriminalisation on hospital emergency room drug episodes: 1975-1978. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(423): 737-747.
Moir, D., Rickert, W.S., Levasseur, G., Larose, Y., Maertens, R., White, P., et al. (2008). A comparison of mainstream and sidestream marijuana and tobacco cigarette smoke produced under two machine smoking conditions. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 21: 494-502.
Monshouwer, K., Smit, F., Graaf, R.D., Os, J.V. & Vollebergh, W. (2005). First cannabis use: does onset shift to younger ages? Findings from 1988 to 2003 from the Dutch National School Survey on Substance Use. Addiction, 100: 963- 970.
Montanari, L., Taylor, C. & Griffiths, P. (2008). Cannabis users in drug treatment in Europe: an analysis from treatment demand data. In: Rödner Sznitman, S., Olsson, B. & Room, R. (eds.) (2008), A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences, vol. 2, pp. 263-276. Lisbon, European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Abuse.
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis
Moore, T.H., Zammit, S., Lingford-Hughes, A., Barnes, T.R., Jones, P.B., Burke, M., et al. (2007). Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet, 370: 319-328.
Morahan, P.S., Klykken, P.C., Smith, S.H., Harris, L.S. & Munson, A.E. (1979). Effects of cannabinoids on host resistance to Listeria monocytogenes and herpes simplex virus. Infection and Immunity, 23: 670-674.
Morgan, C.J. & Curran, H.V. (2008). Effects of cannabidiol on schizophrenia-like symptoms in people who use cannabis. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192: 306- 307.
Morral, A.R., McCaffrey, D.F. & Paddock, S.M. (2002). Reassessing the marijuana gateway effect. Addiction, 97: 1493-1504.
226
Mukamal, K.J., Maclure, M., Muller, J.E. & Mittleman, M.A. (2008). An exploratory prospective study of marijuana use and mortality following acute myocardial infarction. American Heart Journal, 155: 465-470.
Mura, P., Kintz, P., Ludes, B., Gaulier, J.M., Marquet, P., Martin-Dupont, S., et al. (2003). Comparison of the prevalence of alcohol, cannabis and other drugs
between 900 injured drivers and 900 control subjects: results of a French collaborative study. Forensic Science International, 133: 79-85.
Murphy, L. (1999). Cannabis effects on endocrine and reproductive function. In
Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of
Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 375-400. Murray, R.M., Morrison, P.D., Henquet, C. & Di Forti, M. (2007). Cannabis, the mind
and society: the hash realities. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 8: 885-895. Nahas, G.G. (1990). Keep off the Grass. Middlebury, VT: Paul Eriksson.
National Association of Drug Court Professionals (NADCP) (1999). Facts on Drug Courts.
Alexandria, VA: NADCP. http://www.nadcp.org/whatis/
National Drug Intelligence Center (2008). National Drug Threat Assessment 2008. Johnstown, Pennsylvania: NDIC.
National Organization for the Reform of Marijuana Laws (NORML) (2008). NORML Working to Reform Marijuana Laws. http://norml.org/
Neglia, J., Buckley, J. & Robinson, L. (1991). Maternal marijuana and leukemia in offspring. In Nahas, G.G. & Latour, C. (eds.), Physiopathology of Illicit Drugs: Cannabis, Cocaine, Opiates. Oxford: Pergamon.
Neill, M., Christie, P. & Cormack, S. (1991). Trends in alcohol and other drug use by
South Australian school children 1986-1989. Adelaide: Drug and Alcohol Services Council South Australia.
Newcomb, M.D. & Bentler, P.M. (1988). Consequences of Adolescent Drug Use: Impact on the Lives of Young Adults. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Nicholas, S., Kershaw, C. & Walker, A. (Eds.). (2007). Home Office Statistical Bulletin:
Crime in England and Wales 2006/07 (4th ed.). London: Home Office. Niesink, Rigter & Hoek (2005). THC-concentraties in wiet, nederwiet en hasj in
Nederlandse coffeeshops (2004-2005) Utrecht, Netherlands: Trimbos Institute.
227
Nordt, C. & Stohler, R. (2006). Incidence of heroin use in Zurich, Swizerland; a treatment case register analysis. The Lancet, 367: 1830-1834.
Nutt, D., King, L.A., Saulsbury, W. & Blakemore, C. (2007). Development of a rational scale to assess the harm of drugs of potential misuse. Lancet, 369: 1047-1053.
NZZ Online (2008). Cannabis-Konsum soll nicht straffrei werden. http://www.nzz.ch/nachrichten/schweiz/auch_staenderat_spricht_sich_gegen_hanfinitiative_aus_1.687299.html
Office of National Drug Control Policy (2001). What America’s Users Spend on Illicit Drugs: 1988-2001. Washington, D.C.: ONDCP.
ONDCP (2007). Study Finds Highest Levels of THC in U.S. Marijuana to Date [release]. Washington, DC: Office of National Drug Control Policy. Available from:
http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/news/press07/042507_2.html.
Pacula, R. L., Chriqui, J. F. & King, J. (2003). Decriminalization in the United States: What does it mean? NBER Working Paper, No. 9690: NBER.
Pacula, R., MacCoun, R., Reuter, P., Chriqui, J., Kilmer, B., Harris, K., Paoli, L. & Schafer, C. (2005). What does it mean to decriminalize marijuana? A cross-national empirical examination. Advances in Health Economics and Health Services Research, 16: 347-369.
Pacula, R., Chriqui, J., Reichmann, D. & Terry-McElrath, Y. (2002). State Medical Marijuana Laws: Understanding the Laws and their Limitations. Journal of Public Health Policy, 23: 413-439.
Pakes, F. (2004). The politics of discontent: The emergence of a new criminal justice
discourse in the Netherlands. The Howard Journal, 43: 284-298.
Paoli, L., Greenfield, V. & Reuter, P. (in press) Can Global Heroin Supply be Cut?
Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Passey, M., Flaherty, B. & Didcott, P. (2006). The Magistrates Early Referral Into Treatment (MERIT) Pilot Program: A descriptive analysis of a court diversion program in rural Australia. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 38: 521-529.
228
Patton, G.C., Coffey, C., Carlin, J.B., Degenhardt, L., Lynskey, M.T. & Hall, W.D. (2002). Cannabis use and mental health in young people: cohort study. British Medical Journal, 325: 1195-1198.
Patton, G.C., Harris, J.B., Schwartz, M. & Bowes, G. (1997). Adolescent suicidal behaviors: a population-based study of risk. Psychological Medicine, 27: 715- 724.
Pauwelyn, J. (2003). Conflict of Norms in Public International Law: How WTO Law
Relates to Other Rules of International Law. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press.
Pearson, G. (2007). The policing of cannabis in the United Kingdom. Addiction, 102: 1175-1177.
Perez-Gomez, A. (2005). Drug Consumption in Colombia, 1992-2003. Unpublished paper.
Perkonigg, A., Goodwin, R.D., Fiedler, A., Behrendt, S., Beesdo, K., Lieb, R. & Wittchen H.U. (2008). The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and
dependence during the first decades of life. Addiction, 103(3): 439-449.
Pertwee, R.G. (2008). The diverse CB1 and CB2 receptor pharmacology of three plant
cannabinoids: delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and delta9-
tetrahydrocannabivarin. British Journal of Pharmacology, 153: 199-215.
Pijlman, F.T., Rigter, S.M., Hoek, J., Goldschmidt, H.M. & Niesink, R.J. (2005). Strong increase in total delta-THC in cannabis preparations sold in Dutch coffee shops. Addiction Biology, 10: 171-180.
Polak, F. (1998). The boundaries of decriminalisation: coffee shops and the backdoor problem. Paper presented at the symposium, Regulating cannabis: Options for control in the 21st century, London, 5 September.
Pope, H.G., Gruber, A.J. & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (1995). The residual neuropsychological effects of cannabis: the current status of research. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 38: 25-34.
Pope, H.G., Gruber, A.J., Hudson, J.I., Huestis, M.A. & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2001). Neuropsychological performance in long-term cannabis users. Archives of General Psychiatry, 58: 909-915.
229
Pope, H.G., Gruber, A.J., Hudson, J.I., Huestis, M.A. & Yurgelun-Todd, D. (2002). Cognitive measures in long-term cannabis users. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42: 41S-47S.
Porrino, L.J., Whitlow, C.T., Lamborn, C., Laurienti, P.J. & Livengood, L.B. (2004). Impaired performance on a decision-making task by heavy marijuana users: an fMRI study. Symposium on the Cannabinoids. Burlington, VT: International Cannabinoid Research Society.
Potter, D.J., Clark, P. & Brown, M.B. (2008). Potency of delta 9-THC and other cannabinoids in cannabis in England in 2005: implications for psychoactivity and pharmacology. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53: 90-94.
Priori, J., Swensen, G., Migro, J., Tomassini, R., Marshall, A. & Lenton, S. (2002).
Implementation of a scheme of prohibition with civil penalties for the personal use of cannabis and other matters - Report of the Working Party on Drug Law Reform to the Minister for Health. Perth: Drug and Alcohol Office, Health Department of Western Australia.
Pudney, S. (2004). Keeping off the grass? An econometric model of cannabis consumption in Britain. J. Applied Econometrics, 19: 435-453.
Pudney, S., Badillo, C. Bryan, M., Burton, J., Conti, G. & Iacovou, M. (2006). Estimating the size of the UK illicit drug market. In Singleton, N., Murray, R. & Tinsley, L. (eds.), Measuring different aspects of problem use: Methodological
developments. Home Office online report 16/2006, 46–120, available at: http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk
Quickfall, J. & Crockford, D. (2006). Brain neuroimaging in cannabis use: a review. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 18: 318-332.
Ramaekers, J.G., Berghaus, G., van Laar, M. & Drummer, O.H. (2004). Dose related risk of motor vehicle crashes after cannabis use. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73: 109-119.
Rehm, J., Gnam, W., Popova, S., Baliunas, D., Brochu, S., Fischer, B., et al. (2007). The costs of alcohol, illegal drugs, and tobacco in Canada, 2002. Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs, 68: 886-895.
230
Reinarman, C., Cohen, P.D.A. & Kaal, H.L. (2004). The limited relevance of drug policy: Cannabis in Amsterdam and in San Francisco. American Journal of Public Health, 94(5): 836-842.
Reis, L., Eisner, M., Kosary, C., Hankey, B., Miller, B., Clegg, L., et al. (eds.). (2000). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1997. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute.
Resnick, M.D., Bearman, P.S., Blum, R.W., Bauman, K.E., Harris, K.M., Jones, J., et al. (1997). Protecting adolescents from harm: findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health. JAMA, 278: 823-832.
Reuter, P., Hirschfield, P. & Davies, K. (2001). Assessing the Crackdown on Marijuana in Maryland. unpublished paper, U. of Maryland. http://www.drugpolicy.org/docUploads/mdmjcrackdown.pdf
Rey, J.M., Sawyer, M.G., Raphael, B., Patton, G.C. & Lynskey, M.T. (2002). Mental health of teenagers who use cannabis: results of an Australian survey. British Journal of Psychiatry, 180: 216-221.
Robbe, H.W.J. (1994). Influence of Marijuana on Driving. Maastricht: Institute for Human Psychopharmacology, University of Limberg.
Roberts, J. & Cole, D. (1999). Making Sense of Sentencing. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Robinson, L., Buckley, J., Daigle, A., Wells, R., Benjamin, D., Arthur, D., et al. (1989). Maternal drug use and the risk of childhood nonlymphoblastic leukemia
among offspring: an epidemiologic investigation implicating marijuana. Cancer, 63: 1904-1911.
Rödner Sznitman, S., Olsson, B. & Room, R. (eds.) (2008). A cannabis reader: global issues and local experiences. Lisbon, European Monitoring Center on Drugs and Drug Abuse.
http://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/monographs/cannabis
Roffman, R.A. & Stephens, R.S. (2006). Cannabis Dependence: Its Nature, Consequences
and Treatment. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Room, R. (1999). The rhetoric of international drug control. Substance Use and Misuse, 34: 1689-1707.
231
Room, R. (2005). Trends and issues in the international drug control system: Vienna 2003. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 37(4): 373-383.
Room, R. (2006). International control of alcohol: alternative paths forward. Drug and Alcohol Review, 25(6): 581-595.
Room, R. & Paglia, A. (1999). The international drug control system in the post-Cold War era: Managing markets or fighting a war? Drug and Alcohol Review, 18(3): 305-315.
Roques, B., chair (1999). La Dangerosité de Drogues: Rapport au Secrétariat d’État à la Santé [The Dangerousness of Drugs: Report to the State Secretariat for Health]. Paris: La Documentation française-Odile Jacob.
Rosenblatt, K.A., Daling, J.R., Chen, C., Sherman, K.J. & Schwartz, S.M. (2004). Marijuana use and risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Research, 64: 4049-4054.
Roth, M.D., Baldwin, G.C. & Tashkin, D.P. (2002). Effects of delta-9- tetrahydrocannabinol on human immune function and host defense. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids, 121: 229-239.
Rush, B. & Urbanosk, K. (2007). Estimating the demand for treatment for cannabis-related problems in Canada.  International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 5(3): 181-186.
Samhsa (2004). Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS): Highlights, 2002. National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. Rockville, MD: Office of Applied Studies, Substance and Mental Health Services Administration.
Samhsa (2006). Results from the 2005 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Detailed Tables. Prevalence Estimates, Standard Errors, P Values. Section 1. Rockville, MD:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration, Office of Applied Studies. Available from: http://www.oas.samhsa.gov.
Samuels, D. (2008). Dr. Kush: How medical marijuana is transforming the pot industry. New Yorker, July 28.
http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2008/07/28/080728fafactsamuels
232
Sarre, R., Sutton, A. & Pulsford, T. (1989). Cannabis - The expiation notice approach. (Report Series C, No. 4, June) Adelaide: South Australian Attorney General's Department.
Saveland, W. & Bray, D.F. (1981). Trends in cannabis use among American states
with different and changing legal regimes, 1972–77. Contemporary Drug Problems, 10: 335-361.
Schafer, C. & Paoli, L. (2006). Drogen und Strafverfolgung: Die Anwendung des § 31 a BtMG und anderer Opportunitätsvorschriften auf Drogenkonsumentendelikte. Freiburg: Max Planck Institut für Ausländisches
und Internationales Strafrecht.
Schlosser, E. (1994). Reefer Madness. The Atlantic Monthly, 274: 45-58.
Schmid, H. (2001). Cannabis use in Switzerland: The role of attribution of drug use to
friends, urbanization and repression. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 60(2): 99-107. Schweizer Bundesrat (2001). Botschaft uber die Anderung des
Betaubungsmittelgesetzes. Berne: Bundesrat.
Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft (2007). Polizeiliche Kriminalstatistik. Berne: Bundesamt für Statistik.
Selley, D.A., Lichtman, A.H. & Martin, B.R. (2003). Integration of molecular and behavioral approaches to evaluate cannabinoid dependence. In Maldonado, R. (ed.), Molecular Biology of Drug Addiction. Humana Press: Totawa, NJ, pp. 199-220.
Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs (2002). Cannabis: Our Position for a
Canadian Public Policy. Ottawa: Canada. Parliament. Senate.
Shepard, E. & Blackley, P. (2007). The impact of marijuana law enforcement in an economic model of crime. Journal of Drug Issues, 37: 403-424.
Sherman, L., Gottfredson, D., MacKenzie, D., Eck, J., Reuter, P. & Bushway, S. (1998). Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Promising - A report to the United States Congress. College Park: Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of Maryland.
Sibbald, B. (2002). Medical Marijuana Program "a sham": Lawyer. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 167: 1153.
233
Sidney, S. (2002). Cardiovascular consequences of marijuana use. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42: 64S-70S.
Sidney, S., Beck, J.E., Tekawa, I.S., Quesenberry, C.P. & Friedman, G.D. (1997a). Marijuana use and mortality. American Journal of Public Health, 87: 585-590.
Sidney, S., Quesenberry, C.P., Jr., Friedman, G.D. & Tekawa, I.S. (1997b). Marijuana use and cancer incidence (California, United States). Cancer Causes and Control, 8: 722-728.
SILVER, W. (2007). JURISTAT: CRIME STATISTICS IN Canada 2006. Statistics Canada, 27. Single, E. (1989). The impact of marijuana decriminalisation: An update. Journal of Public Health Policy, 10(Winter): 456-466.
Slaughter, J. (1988). Marijuana Prohibition in the United States: History and analysis of a failed policy. Columbia Journal of Law and Social Problems, 21: 417-475.
Smiley, A. (1999). Marijuana: on road and driving simulator studies. In Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 171-191.
Smit, F., Bolier, L. & Cuijpers, P. (2004). Cannabis use and the later risk of schozophrenia: a review. Addiction, 99: 422-431.
Smith, A.M., Fried, P.A., Hogan, M.J. & Cameron, I. (2004). Effects of prenatal marijuana on response inhibition: an fMRI study of young adults. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26: 533-542.
Smith, A.M., Fried, P.A., Hogan, M.J. & Cameron, I. (2004). Effects of prenatal marijuana on response inhibition: an fMRI study of young adults. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 26: 533-542.
Smith, D. & Visher, C. (1981). Street-level justice: Situational determinants of police arrest decisions. Social Problems, 29: 167-177.
Smith, M.A., Gloekler, Reis, L., Gurney, J. & Ross, J. (2000). Leukemia. In Reis, L., Eisner, M., Kosary, C., Hankey, B., Miller, B., Clegg, L., et al. (eds.), SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1973-1997. Bethesda, MD: National Cancer Institute, pp. 17-34.
Solivetti, L.M. (2001). Drug Use Criminalization v. Decriminalization: An Analysis in the Light of the Italian Experience. Bern: Swiss Federal Office of Public Health.
234
Solowij, N. (1998). Cannabis and Cognitive Functioning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Solowij, N. (1999). Long-term effects of cannabis on the central nervous system. I. Brain function and neurotoxicity. II. Cognitive functioning. In Kalant, H.,
Corrigal, W., Hall, W. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, pp. 195-265.
Solowij, N. (2002). Cannabis and cognitive functioning. In Onaivi, E.S. (ed.), Biology of Marijuana: From Gene to Behaviour. London: Taylor & Francis.
Solowij, N., Respondek, C. & Ward, P. (2004). Functional magnetic resonance imaging indices of memory function in long-term cannabis users. Symposium
on the Cannabinoids. Burlington, VT: International Cannabinoid Research Society.
Solowij, N., Stephens, R.S., Roffman, R.A., Babor, T., Kadden, R., Miller, M., et al. (2002). Cognitive functioning of long-term heavy cannabis users seeking treatment. JAMA, 287: 1123-1131.
Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistcs (2007) http://www.albany.edu/sourcebook/toc.html
Spivack, D. (2004). A Fourth International Convention for Drug Policy:
Promoting Public Health Policies. Paris: The Senlis Council. http://www.senliscouncil.net/modules/publications/007 publication
Spooner,C. (2001). An overview of diversion strategies for Australian drug-related offenders. Drug and Alcohol Review, 20: 281-294.
Statistics Canada (2007). Cases in adults criminal court by type of sentences; total convicted cases, prison, conditional sentence, probation, by province and Yukon Territory. Report Table 252-0017 Catalogue no. 85-002-X. Ottawa: CANISM.
Stinson, F.S., Ruan, W.J., Pickering, R. & Grant, B.F. (2006). Cannabis use disorders in the USA: prevalence, correlates and co-morbidity. Psychological Medicine, 36: 1447-1460.
Strategy Unit (2005). Strategy Unit Drugs Report, May 2003. London: Prime Minister’s Strategy Unit. Available from:
235
http://www.strategy.gov.uk/work_areas/drugs/index.asp (Full report at http://image.guardian.co.uk/sys-
files/Guardian/documents/2005/07/05/Report.pdf).
Stuart, R. B., Guire, K. & Krell, M. (1976). Penalty for the possession of marijuana: An
analysis of some of its concomitants. Contemporary Drug Problems, 5: 553.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (2007). Office of Applied Studies. Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) Highlights - - 2006 National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services. OAS Series #S-40, DHHS Publication No. (SMA) 08-4313, Rockville, MD http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/teds2k6highlights/Tbl4.htm [accessed September1, 2008]
Sutton, A. & McMillan, E. (2000). Criminal justice perspectives on South Australia's Cannabis Expiation Notice procedures. Drug and Alcohol Review, 19(3): 281- 286.
Swaine, E.T. (2006). Reserving. Yale Journal of International Law, 31: 307-366. http://www.yale.edu/yjil/PDFs/vol31/Swaine.pdf
Swensen, G. (2007a). Statutory review of Cannabis Control Act 2003 - report to the Minister of Health: Executive Summary. Perth: Western Australia: Drug and Alcohol Office.
Swensen, G. (2007b). Statutory review of Cannabis Control Act 2003 - Report to the Minister of Health: Main Report. Perth: Western Australia: Drug and Alcohol Office.
Swift, W., Hall, W.D. & Teesson, M. (2001). Cannabis use and dependence among Australian adults: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Well-being. Addiction, 96: 737-748.
Tanda, G., Pontieri, F.E. & Di Chiara, G. (1997). Cannabinoid and heroin activation of mesolimbic dopamine transmission by a common mu1 opioid receptor mechanism. Science, 276: 2048-2050.
Tanner, J., Davies, S. & O'Grady, B. (1999). Whatever happened to yesterday's rebels? Longitudinal effects of youth delinquency on education and employment. Social Problems, 46: 250-274.
236
Tashkin, D.P. (1999). Effects of cannabis on the respiratory system. In Kalant, H., Corrigall, W., Hall, W.D. & Smart, R. (eds.), The Health Effects of Cannabis. Toronto: Centre for Addiction and Mental Health.
Tashkin, D.P. (2005). Smoked marijuana as a cause of lung injury. Monaldi Archives for Chest Disease, 63: 93-100.
Tashkin, D.P., Baldwin, G.C., Sarafian, T., Dubinett, S. & Roth, M.D. (2002). Respiratory and immunologic consequences of marijuana smoking. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 42: 71S-81S.
Taxman, F. & Bouffard, J. (2002). Treatment inside the drug treatment court: The who, what, where, and how of treatment services. Substance Use & Misuse, 37: 1665-1688.
Taylor, D.R., Fergusson, D.M., Milne, B.J., Horwood, L.J., Moffitt, T.E., Sears, M.R., et al. (2002). A longitudinal study of the effects of tobacco and cannabis exposure on lung function in young adults. Addiction, 97: 1055-1061.
Taylor, D.R., Poulton, R., Moffitt, T., Ramankutty, P. & Sears, M. (2000). The respiratory effects of cannabis dependence in young adults. Addiction, 95: 1669-1677.
Tennes, K., Aritable, N., Blackard, C., Boyles, C., Hasoun, B., Holmes, L., et al. (1985). Marihuana: prenatal and postnatal exposure in the human. In Pinkert, T. (ed.), Current Research on the Consequences of Maternal Drug Abuse. Rockville, MD: U. S. Department of Health and Human Services, pp. 48-60.
Tetrault, J.M., Crothers, K., Moore, B.A., Mehra, R., Concato, J. & Fiellin, D.A. (2007). Effects of marijuana smoking on pulmonary function and respiratory complications: a systematic review. Archives of Internal Medicine, 167: 221-228.
The Special Committee on Non-Medical Use of Drugs (2002). Policy for the New Millenium: Working Together to Redefine Canada's Drug Strategy. Ottawa: House of Commons.
Theis, C. F. & Register, C. A. (1993). Decriminalisation of marijuana and the demand
for alcohol, marijuana and cocaine. The Social Science Journal, 30(4): 385-399. True, W.R., Heath, A.C., Scherrer, J.F., Xian, H., Lin, N., Eisen, S.A., et al. (1999).
Interrelationship of genetic and environmental influences on conduct
237
disorder and alcohol and marijuana dependence symptoms. American Journal of Medical Genetics, 88: 391-397.
Turner, S., Longshore, D., Wenzel, S., Deschenes, E., Greenwood, P., Fain, T., Harrell, A., Morral, A., Taxman, F., Iguchi, M., Greene, J. & McBride, D. (2002). A decade of drug treatment court research. Substance Use & Misuse, 37: 1489- 1527.
U.S. House of Representatives United States General Accounting Office (2002). Marijuana, Early Experiences with Four States’ Laws That Allow Use for Medical Purposes. Wachington D.C.: United States General Accounting Office.
UK Drug Policy Commission (2008). Submission to the ACMD Cannabis Classification Review 2008. London: UK Drug Policy Commission.
UKCIA (2000). Major Political Research Studies. Norwich: UK Cannabis Internet Activists. http://www.ukcia.org/politics/studies.html
Ulrich, T. (2002). Pretrial diversion in the federal court system. Federal Probation, 66: 30-37.
UN (2005a). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969. New York: United Nations. http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/111969.pdf
UN (2005b). Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations, 1986. New York: United Nations.
http://untreaty.un.org/ilc/texts/instruments/english/conventions/121986.pdf
UN (2007a). Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961, as Amended by the 1972 Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961. Vienna: International Narcotics Control Board.
http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/conv/convention1961en.pdf
UN (2007b). United Nations Convention against the Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, 1988. Vienna: International Narcotics Control Board. http://www.incb.org/pdf/e/conv/convention1988en.pdf
UNESCO (2005). International Convention against Doping in Sport 2005. Paris: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization.
238
http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URLID=31037&URLDO=DOTOPIC&URLSECTION=201.html
UNIS (2008). Marijuana vending machines in Los Angeles are contrary to international drug control treaties, says INCB. Vienna: United Nations Information Service, UNIS/NAR/1023, 8 Feb.
http://www.unis.unvienna.org/unis/pressrels/2008/unisnar1023.html
UNODC (2000). World Drug Report 2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2000.html
UNODC (2005). World Drug Report 2005. New York: United Nations. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2005.html
UNODC (2006). World Drug Report 2006. Volume 1: Analysis. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
UNODC (2007). World Drug Report 2007. Volume 1: Analysis. Vienna: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
UNODC (2008). World Drug Report 2008. New York: United Nations. http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2008.html
UNODC and Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India. (2004). The Extent, Pattern and Trends of Drug Abuse in India: National Survey. New Delhi: Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, Government of India and United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime Regional Office for South Asia.
Urbanosk, K.A., Strike C.J. & Rush, B. (2005). Individuals Seeking Treatment for Cannabis-Related Problems in Ontario: Demographic and Treatment Profile. Eur Addict Res, 11:115–123
Van der Heijden, T. (2007). Sizing the Dutch cannabis market. Unpublished presentation, EMCDDA.
Van Dijk, J. (1998). The narrow margins of the Dutch drug policy: A cost-benefit
analysis. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 6: 369-394.
Van het Loo, M., Hoorens, S., van't Hof, C. & Kahan, J. (2003). Cannabis Policy. Santa
Monica: RAND Europe.
239
Van Os, J., Bak, M., Hanssen, M., Bijl, R.V., de Graaf, R. & Verdoux, H. (2002). Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 156: 319-327.
Van Vliet, H.J. (1990). Separation of drug markets and the normalization of drug problems in the Netherlands: An example for other nations? Journal of Drug Issues, 20: 463-471.
Wachtel, S.R., ElSohly, M.A., Ross, S.A., Ambre, J. & de Wit, H. (2002). Comparison of the subjective effects of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol and marijuana in humans. Psychopharmacology, 161: 331-339.
Wagner, F.A. & Anthony, J.C. (2002). Into the world of illegal drug use: exposure
opportunity and other mechanisms linking the use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and cocaine. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155: 918-925.
Warburton, C. (1932). The Economic Results of Prohibition. New York: Columbia University Press.
Weatherburn, D. & Jones, C. (2001). Does prohibition deter cannabis use? Crime Bulletin Number 58, Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research. Sydney: NSW Attorney General’s Department.
http://www.lawlink.nsw.gov.au/lawlink/bocsar/llbocsar.nsf/vwFiles/cjb58.p  df/$file/cjb58.pdf
Weitzer, R. & Tuch, S. (1999). Race, class, and perceptions of discrimination by the police. Crime & Delinquency, 45: 494-507.
WHO (2005). Framework Convention on Tobacco Control. Geneva: World Health Organization.
http://www.who.int/tobacco/framework/WHO FCTC english.pdf
WHO Programme on Substance Abuse (1997). Cannabis: A Health Perspective and
Research Agenda. Geneva: Division of Mental Health and Prevention of Substance Abuse, World Health Organization. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1997/WHO_MSA_PSA_97.4.pdf.
Wikipedia (2008). Bhang. Sighted 20 August, 2008. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhang Wikipedia (2008). Cooking with cannabis. (sighted 17 August, 2008) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cookingwithcannabis
240
Wikitravel (2008). India. Sighted 20 August 2008. http://wikitravel.org/en/India Wilkins, C., Casswell, S., Bhatta, K. & Pledger, M. (2002). Drug use in New Zealand:
national surveys comparison 1998 and 2001. Auckland: Alcohol and Public
Health Research Unit, University of Auckland.
Williams, J. (2004). The effects of price and policy on marijuana use: what can be
learned from the Australian experience? Health Economics, 13: 123-137.
Wilson, W., Mathew, R., Turkington, T., Hawk, T., Coleman, R.E. & Provenzale, J. (2000). Brain morphological changes and early marijuana use: a magnetic
resonance and positron emission tomography study. Journal of Addictive Diseases, 19: 1-22.
Winters, K.C. & Lee, C.Y.S. (2008). Likelihood of developing an alcohol and cannabis use disorder during youth: Association with recent use and age. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92(1-3): 239-247.
Yamaguchi, K. & Kandel, D.B. (1984). Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood: III. Predictors of progression. American Journal of Public Health, 74: 673-681.
Yücel, M., Solowij, N., Respondek, C., Whittle, S., Fornito, A., Pantelis, C., et al.
(2008). Regional brain abnormalities associated with long-term heavy cannabis use. Archives of General Psychiatry, 65: 694-701.
Zabransky, T. (2004). Czech drug laws as an arena of the drug policy battle. Journal of Drug Issues, 34: 661-685.
Zammit, S., Allebeck, P., Andréasson, S., Lundberg, I. & Lewis, G. (2002). Self reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study. BMJ, 325: 1199-1201.
Zammit, S., Spurlock, G., Williams, H., Norton, N., Williams, N., O'Donovan, M.C., et al. (2007). Genotype effects of CHRNA7, CNR1 and COMT in schizophrenia: interactions with tobacco and cannabis use. British Journal of Psychiatry, 191: 402-407.
Zeese, K.B. (1999). History of medical marijuana policy in US. International Journal of Drug Policy, 10: 319-328.
241
Zhang, Z.F., Morgenstern, H., Spitz, M.R., Tashkin, D.P., Yu, G.P., Marshall, J.R., et al. (1999). Marijuana use and increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 8: 1071-1078.
Zimmer, L. & Morgan, J.P. (1997). Marijuana Myths, Marijuana Facts: A Review of the Scientific Evidence. New York: The Lindesmith Center.
Zuckerman, B., Frank, D.A., Hingson, R., Amaro, H., Levenson, S.M., Kayne, H., et al. (1989). Effects of maternal marijuana and cocaine use on fetal growth. New England Journal of Medicine, 320: 762-768.
242