Drug Abuse

Sources

IN HIS BOOK ON COCA, PUBLISHED IN 1901, W. G. MORTIMER WAS able to boast that he had collected 600 titles of articles and books on that drug alone. The bibliography compiled a few years ago by the U.N. Economic and Social Committee on Narcotic Drugs listed nearly 2,000 sources of material on cannabis. In its interim report on drugs in Canada, the Le Dain Committee stated that there were already some 3,000 reports on LSD in scientific journals. When Joseph Robert wrote his history of tobacco, in 1949, the standard research guide contained over 6,000 titles; when he came to revise the book in 1967, he found that the guide, which was also being revised, was expected to include a further 4,000 titles. Nobody, so far as I know, has tried to keep count of the works on opium and its derivatives, but they would certainly reach five figures. As for alcohol, the library at Rutgers University, which specialises in the subject, is reputed to contain 40,000 items.

The writer of any work purporting to be a history is ordinarily anxious that his bibliography should display the extent and depth of his research; in admitting that mine has been far from comprehensive, I can only plead these figures in mitigation. And there has been another difficulty. As my concern had been mainly with the social rather than the pharmacological effects of drugs, several academic disciplines have been involved. Information about attitudes to drugs can be found not only in many social histories, but in works on anthropology, ethnology, mythology, theology, phenomenology, ecology, etymology and archeology, as well as in the descriptions of travellers, explorers and botanists. It has consequently been an enormous advantage when some professional — or an inspired amateur, like R. G. Wasson — has already researched some part of the territory, and published his findings; but such ventures have been regrettably few.

There are also some gaps, which cannot be filled until more — or more reliable — information becomes available; drug use behind the Iron Curtain, for example. So the structure of the book, with each chapter devoted to a theme, is designed as far as possible to make use of the material which is available, to illustrate developments in attitudes, to, and legislation about, drugs, rather than to try to cover all the historical ground.

Where I have quoted from early sources, I have where necessary translated the text into modern English; standardised spelling (sometimes to personal preference: peyotl rather than the now more common peyote); and occasionally modified punctuation or grammar, for clarity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

For the sake of brevity, I have omitted standard histories, biographies, journals, etc.; nor have I listed the individual state papers which are the chief source of material for the later chapters. I have deposited a copy of the text containing precise source references with the Institute for th ç Study of Drug Dependence, 3 Blackburne Road, London, N.E.6.

The place and date of publication refer to the edition I have consulted, which is not necessarily the first edition.

Aaronson, Bernard, and Humphrey Osmond, Psychedelics, London, 1971

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Alexander, H. G., Narcotics in India and South Asia, London, 1930

Allegro, John, The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross, London, 1971

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Allsop, Kenneth, The Bootleggers, London, 1961

Anderson, J. W., Fiji, London, 1880

Andrews, George, and Simon Vinkenoog (editors), The Book of Grass, London, 1967

Anselmini, O., ABC of Narcotic Drugs, Geneva, 1931

Anslinger, Harry, and William Tompkins, The Traffic in Narcotics, New York, 1953

Anslinger, Harry, and Will Oursler, The Murderers, New York, 1961

Anslinger, Harry, and J. D. Gregory, The Protectors, New York, 1964

Anstie, Francis, Stimulants and Narcotics, London, 1864

Bailey, S. H., The Anti-Drug Campaign, London, 1936

Banks, Sir Joseph, Journal 1768-71, London, 1896

Baudelaire, Charles, My Heart Laid Bare (edited by Peter Quennell), London, 1950

Beaglehole, J. C., The Journals of Captain Cook (Hakluyt Society), Cambridge, 1961

Beattie, John, and John Middleton (editors), Spirit Mediumship and Society in Africa, London, 1969

Beecher, Henry K., 'The Powerful Placebo' (in Journal of the American Medical Association, December 24th, 1955)

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Blue, Frederick, When a State Goes Dry, Ohio, 1961

Boyer, S. S., Hemp, New York, 1900

Brecher, Edward M., Licit and Illicit Drugs, Boston, 1972

Brereton, William H., The Truth about Opium, London, 1882

Brinton, Daniel G., The Myths of the New World, Philadelphia, 1896

Brooks, Jerome E. (editor), Tobacco (five volumes), New York, 1937 The Mighty Leaf, London, 1953

Brown, F. C., Hallucinogenic Drugs, Springfield, Ill., 1972

Burroughs, William, 'Points of distinction between sedatives and consciousness-expanding drugs' (Marijuana Papers, 1972)

Burton, Richard (translator), The Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night, Benares, 1885

Castaneda, Carlos, The Teachings of Don Juan, Los Angeles, 1971 — A Separate Reality, London, 1971

Catlin, George, Liquor Control, London, 1931

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Chang, Hsin-pao, Commissioner Lin and the Opium War, Harvard, 1964

Cherrington, Ernest, History of the Anti-Saloon League, Ohio, 1913 Chinese Repository, 1832 if

Christlieb, Theodore, The Indo-British opium trade and its effect (translated by D. Croom), London, 1879

Claridge, Gordon, Drugs and Human Behaviour, London, 1970

Clark, Walter, Chemical Ecstasy, New York, 1969

Cocteau, Jean, Opium: the diary of a cure (translated by Margaret Crosland), London, 1957

Cohen, Sidney, Drugs of Hallucination, London, 1964

Collis, Maurice, Foreign Mud, London, 1946

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Costin, W. C., Great Britain and China 1833-60, Oxford, 1937

Cotlow, Lewis, In Search of the Primitive, London, 1967

Cust, Robert, The Opium Question, London, 1885

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D'Avenant, Charles, 'An Essay upon Ways and Means' (Political and Commercial Works, London, 1771)

Dennett, Tyler, Americans in Eastern Asia, New York, 1941

De Quincey, Thomas, Confessions of an English Opium Eater, London, 1967

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De Ropp, Robert S., Drugs and the Mind, London, 1958

De Vesme, Caesar, Primitive Man, London, 1931

Dowdeswell, G. F. 'The Coca Leaf' (Lancet, April 29th, May 6th 1876)

Drake, William Daniel Jr., The Connoisseur's Handbook of Marijuana, London, 1971

Dunn, Will, The Opium Traffic in its International Aspects, New York, 1920

Eatwell, W. C., On the Poppy Cultivation, Calcutta, 1851

Ede, Mircea, Myths, Dreams and Mysteries, London, 1960 Shamanism, New York, 1964

Ellis, E. S., Ancient Anodynes, London, 1946

Ellis, Havelock, 'Mescal: a new artificial paradise' (Contemporary Review, January 1898)

Emboden, William, Narcotic Plants, London, 1972

Evans-Pritchard, Edward Evans, Witchcraft among the Azande, Oxford, 1937 Nuer Religion, Oxford, 1956

Fairbank, John, L., Trade and Diplomacy on the China Coast 1841-54, Cambridge, Mass., 1953

Fairholt, F. W., Tobacco, London, 1870

Fleming, Peter, One's Company, London, 1934— 'A Far Eastern Inquiry' (Times, March 8th, 1935)

Forsyth, Frederick, 'The Killer Poppy' (Telegraph Magazine, August 1 1 th, 18th, 25th 1973)

Freeman-Mitford, A. B., Attaché at Peking, London, 1900

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Fry, Edward, 'China, England and Opium' (Contemporary Review, February 1876)

Fry, William Storrs, Facts and Evidence relating to the Opium Trade, London, 1840

Fryer, John, A New Account of East India and Persia (Halduyt Society), 1909

Fuller, Henry C., The Story of Drugs, London, 1922

Furst, Peter T., Flesh of the Gods, London, 1972

Garcilaso de las Vegas, Royal Commentaries of the Incas (translated by H. V. Livermore), Austin, 1966

Gautier, Théophile, The Hashish Club (translated by Ralph Gladstone; Marijuana Papers, 1972)

Gavit, John P., Opium, London, 1925

Gelfand, Michael, Witch Doctor, London, 1964

Geller, Allen, and Maxwell Boas, The Drug Beat, New York, 1969

Ginsberg, Allen, 'First manifesto' (Marijuana Papers, 1972)

Gluckman, Max, Politics, Law and Ritual in Tribal Society, Oxford, 1965

Goldenweiser, Alexander, Early Civilisation, London, 1923

Goode, Erich (editor), Marijuana, New York, 1969 — The Marijuana Smoker, New York, 1970

Gorer, Geoffrey, Africa Dances, London, 1935

Green, Timothy, The Smugglers, London, 1969

Greenberg, Michael, British Trade and the Opening of China, 1800-47, Cambridge, 1951

Gustaitis, Rasa, Turning On, New York, 1969

Von Hagen, Victor, Highway of the Sun, London, 1856

Haggard, Howard W., Devils, Drugs and Doctors, New York, 1929

Von Hammer, History of the Assassins, (translated O. Wood), London, 1835

Hariot, Thomas, The New Found Land of Virginia, Ann Arbor, 1931

Harner, Michael J. (editor), Hallucinogens and Shamanism, Oxford, 1973

Harrison, Brian, Drink and the Victorians, London, 1971

Hassell, Arthur, 'Properties and Effects of Tobacco' (Lancet, February 21st, 1857)

Haynes, Roy, Prohibition Inside Out, London, 1924

Hayter, Alethea, Opium and the Romantic Imagination, London, 1968

Hemming, John, The Conquest of the Incas, London, 1970

Hesse, Erich, Narcotics and Drug Addiction, New York, 1941

Heward, Edward, St. Nicotine, New York, 1909

Hill, J. Spencer, The Indo-Chinese Opium Trade, London, 1884

Hillier, Sydney, Popular Drugs, London, 1910

Hollingworth, H. L., The influence of caffeine on mental and motor efficiency, New York, 1912

Holt, Edgar, The Opium Wars in China, London, 1964

Hosie, Sir Alexander, On the Trail of the Opium Poppy (two volumes), London, 1914

Hsti, Immanuel, The Rise of Modern China, New York, 1970

Huby, Pamela, and C. W. M. Wilson, 'The effect of centrally-acting drugs on ESP ability in normal subjects' (Journal of the Society for Psychical Research, June 1961)

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Hunter, W. C., The Tan-Kwae' at Canton, Shanghai, 1911

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Im Thurn, Everard, Among the Indians of Guiana, London, 1883

James I, King of England, Counterblaste to Tobacco, London, 1604

James, William, The Varieties of Religious Experience, New York, 1925

Johnson, Donald McI., Indian Hemp; a Social Menace, London, 1952

Johnston, James F. W., The Chemistry of Common Life, London, 1879

Jones, Howard, Alcoholic Addiction, London, 1963

Jones, John, The Mysteries of Opium Revealed, London, 1701

Kidd, Dudley, The Essential Kafir, London, 1904

Kliiver, Heinrich, Mescal, London, 1928

Koskowski, W., The Habit of Tobacco Smoking, London, 1955

Kroeber, A. L., Anthropology, London, 1923

Kunnes, Richard, The American Heroin Empire, New York, 1973

La Barre, Weston, The Peyote Cult, New Haven, 1938

La Farge, Oliver, A Pictorial History of the American Indians, New York, 1956

La Guardia, Committee on Marijuana, Report, New York, 1944

La Motte, Ellen N., The Opium Monopoly, New York, 1920 —    The Ethics of Opium, New York, 1924 —    Opium at Geneva (articles reprinted from the Nation magazine), London, 1930

Lane, E. W., The Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians, London, 1908

Lang, Andrew, Myth, Ritual and Religion (two volumes), London, 1887

Laurie, Peter, Drugs, London, 1967

Leary, Timothy, The Politics of Ecstasy, New York, 1965

Le Dain, Gerald, et al., The non-medical use of drugs (interim report of the Canadian Government Inquiry, 1970), London, 1971 — Final Report, Ottawa, 1973

Levy, Hermann, Drink, London, 1951

Lewin, Louis, Phantastica, London, 1931

Lewis, Bernard, The Assassins, London, 1967

Livingstone, David, Missionary Travels, London, 1857

Ludlow, FitzHugh, The Hashish Eater, New York, 1960

MacAndrew, Craig, and Robert Edgerton, Drunken Comportment: a social explanation, Chicago, 1969

McBain, Howard L., Prohibition: legal and illegal, New York, 1928

McCord, William, and Joan McCord, Origins of Alcoholism, London, 1960

Mackenzie, Compton, Sublime Tobacco, London, 1957

Malinowski, B., Magic, Science and Religion and other essays, Boston, 1948

Masters, Robert, and Jean Houston, The Varieties of Psychedelic Experience, London, 1967

Mattison, J. B., 'Cocaine drugs and cocaine addiction' (Lancet, May 21st, 1887)

Medhurst, W. H., China, London, 1840

Melland, Frank, In Witch-bound Africa, London, 1923

Michelet, Jules, The Sorceress (translated by A. R. Allison), London, 1905

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Mitchell, S. Weir, 'Remarks on the effects of the Anhalonium Lewinii (the Mescal Button)' (British Medical Journal, December 5th, 1896)

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Moore, James J., et al. (UN Social Defence Research Institute), Psychoactive drug control: issues and recommendations, Rome, 1973

Moorehead, Alan, The Fatal Impact, London, 1966

Morse, H. B., International Relations of the Chinese Empire, 1834-60, London, 1910 — The Chronicles of the East India Company trading to China, 1635-1834 (five volumes), Oxford, 1926

Mortimer, W. G., Peru: History of Coca, the 'divine plant' of the Incas, New York, 1901

Moser, Brian, and Donald Tayler, The Cocaine Eaters, London, 1965

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Raymond, Irving, The Teaching of the Early Church on the Use of Strong Drink, New York, 1927

Reich, Charles, The Greening of America, New York, 1972

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Rosenthal, Franz, The Herb: Hashish in Medieval Muslim Society, Leiden, 1971

Rouhier, Alexandre, Le Peyotl, Paris, 1927 — Les Plantes Divinatoires, Paris, 1927

Rowntree, Joseph, and Arthur Sherwell, Public Control of the Liquor Traffic, London, 1903

Rowntree, Joseph, The Imperial Drug Trade, London, 1906

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