APPENDIX F.

LITERATURE AND OBSERVATIONS PERTAINING TO OPIUM.

FORMOSA.

OPIUM IN FORMOSA.

(Translation of a Japanese Official Document).

After Formosa was added to Japan as a territory, one of the most urgent questions was that of opium. As the use of opium by smoking or eating is prohibited in Japan, the measures to be adopted in Formosa with regard to opium might seem to have been already provided, viz., to prohibit the consumption of opium by smoking or eating. (The expression "eating opium" or "opium eating" will hereafter include both the eating and the smoking of the drug). Abstinence from opium-eating is in every respect to be recommended, and it is in accordance with the dictates of humanity to fight against this evil habit. As this habit has been rooted in Formosa for many years, it is not at all easy to eradicate at once. The preference of temperance to total abstinence might find a proper justification under such circumstances.
The promulgation of the Ordinance Concerning Opium in Formosa took place together with that of Ordinance No. 2, of the thirtieth (3o) of January, of the thirtieth (3o) year of Meiji (1897), and with that of the regulations governing the operation of the aforementioned ordinance, in March of the same year. The first (i) of April was the date on which the ordinance, as well as the regulations, went into effect in the city of Taihoku (Taipeh) only. The spirit of the ordinance might be outlined as follows :
(I) the right of monopoly of opium shall be vested entirely in the government. •
(2) A written license shall be granted for the eating of opium to those who are in the habit of opium-eating, that is, victims of opium-mania, provided this fact is verified by a physician.
(3) Those to whom licenses have been granted shall pay the following license fees : for a first-class license, three (3) yen; for a second= class license, one (I) yen and fifty' (so) sen; and for a third-class license, twenty (2o) sen, monthly.
(4) Opium-paste is to be bought from a wholesale dealer on showing the written license.
(5) The class of the written license shall correspond with that of the opium-paste, that is, a person to whom a first-class license has been granted may, according to his choice, buy opium-paste of the first, the second, or the third-class; a person to whom a second-class license has been granted may buy opium-paste of the second or third-class; and finally a person to whom a third-class license has been granted may buy opium-paste of the third-class only.
(6) The price of opium-paste per pound shall be twelve (I2) yen for the first-class, nine (9) yen for the second-class, and seven (7)• yen for the third-class.
(7) Licenses to eat opium shall be granted only to natives of Formosa.

The period at which the Ordinance Concerning Opium in Formosa went into operation was different in the different districts of the Island. The first place at which it went into operation was the city of Taihoku, in the county of Taihoku, on the first (s) day of April, the thirtieth (3o) year of Meiji; and the last place was a part of Taihoku county, on the first (z) of October of the same year. At present the ordinance is in effect in all the districts of Formosa, excepting only the remaining part of Taihoku and the whole of Taito.

ACTUAL STATE OF THINGS AFTER THE TAKING EFFECT OF THE ORDINANCE CONCERNING OPIUM IN FORMOSA.
Since the Ordinance Concerning Opium in Formosa first took effect in the city of Taihoku, in April, the thirtieth (3o) year of Meiji, the villagers in the vicinity have expressed their earnest desire to have the ordinance enforced in their districts as soon as possible. Since the taking effect of the same in the city of Tainan, in Shinchiku, Kiilun, Tansui, and Shokwa, respectively, the number of inhabitants desiring the enforcement of the ordinance has greatly increased, showing that the same is properly adapted to the circumstances of the people. At any rate, the cunning smugglers and merchants, whose profits seemed to be lessened by the action of the government, then began to oppose the ordinance and to dishonor the government by spreading false reports to the effect that the government opium-paste was insipid and that its effect on the throat was too severe. Such groundless accusations, however, could scarcely last long, after the superiority of the government opium-paste commenced to be realized by those who had already become victims of opium-mania.
The object of the ordinance is to grant licenses only to those who have contracted the habit of opium-eating, that is, who are victims of opium-mania; so that a minor, therefore, is not allowed to eat opium, the exception being made in the case of a few who find themselves victims of opium-mania as the sad result of eating opium in their youth, even under the age of ten years. It is hoped that clandestine opium-eating will be prevented hereafter by the force of police, and then no more licenses shall be granted. To those who are desirous of abstaining from opium-eating, the commissioner, appointed to investigate methods for the rescue of opium-maniacs, will give medical treatment and any assistance possible in their efforts to stop the use of opium. The commissioner will further distribute pamphlets containing the method of medical treatment and its results, in every district in Formosa, so that the people may have the opportunity of practicing the treatment if they desire. On the other hand, abstinence from opium-eating is earnestly inculcated in educational spheres, and students in the habit • of opium-eating have now disappeared. The object of this ordinance, it is believed, will be attained within thirty years, by force of strict supervision as well as education.

PROVISIONS AGAINST OPIUM SMUGGLING.
As Formosa is an island and its coast-line is many hundreds of miles in length, it is difficult to prevent opium smuggling, unless a sufficiently large force of police is available. In order to meet the present needs, the price of opium provided by the government has been fixed so low that the Chinese opium imported into the island cannot compete with it, the price of government opium being only seven yen per ppund. This measure seems to be working. successfully, and in the meantime the police force is gradually being increased. Statistics encourage hope for the future, as there were only two cases of smuggling from the time the ordinance took effect, on April x, until August, the thirtieth year of Meiji; and the sales of opium-paste increased at the same time, the reports showing sales to the value of 81,3oo yen in August, 99,990 yen in September, and 141,200 yen in October.
Another reason for the decrease in opium smuggling is to be found in the fact that in China those who intend to import opium into Formosa are obliged to pay export duties of one hundred and sixty (too) 'yen per one hundred (too) kin of raw opium, and two hundred and seven (2o7) yen for the same quantity of opium-paste, to their own government. The payment of such duties necessarily increases the price of opium, and consequently smugglers can realize no profit.

PROVISIONS AGAINST OPIUM-EATING.
Before being granted a license under the Ordinance Concerning Opium in Formosa, the opium-eater is first to be examined by the head of the city or village, as the case may be, in which he resides, after which the police officials shall examine him. After sufficient proof of his being an oPium-maniac has bee furnished the license may be granted. The police officials are always very bus endeavoring to detect unlicensed opium-eaters, smugglers and unlicensed may of opium. The Governor General sends a special inspector into eve district for the purpose of inquiring after such violators of the law.
In the Police Department a special section for opium affairs has been. organized and a chief has been appointed; but it is to be regretted that the officials are very often interrupted in the performance of their re_ duties, owing to the lack of officials in other sections of the Police Department. It needs hardly to be added that an increase in the police force is necessary, as the extent to which the Ordinance Concerning Opium in Formosa is enforced is proportional to the size of the police force, so that if the latter is increased, the effectiveness of the former will be much greater.

THE ESTABLISHMENT OP THE MEDICAL LABORATORY AND THE ADVANCEMENT OF THE WORK OF PHARMACY.

The Medical Laboratory in Formosa was officially organized on the first of April, the twenty-ninth year of Meiji (1896), and a small number of officials were sent to Formosa for the purpose of manufacturing opium-paste on the eleventh day of April of the same year. The work was first begun on the fifteenth day of June, and a provincial laboratory set up opposite the office of the Governor General. After careful experimentation, repeated over and over again, the method for manufacturing opium-paste has finally been established. Of twenty-eight buildings, fifteen are used for the manufacturing of opium-paste, and the rest consists of storehouses for the material produced, distributing places of raw material, places for the examination of the bodies of the workman, a dressing-room, a room for the testing of the opium manufactured, a room for preparing the opium-paste for wholesale and storehouses for other purposes, as well as a room . for analytical purposes. It was at first intended that the amount of opium manufactured here should be two or three hundred pounds a day, but as a result of an increase in the number of districts where the Ordinance Concerning Opium has taken effect, the working scheme has been enlarged, and since the first day of July the output has amounted to one thousand pounds per diem. The new buildings for the Medical Laboratory are to be finished in February, next year (1898). At present (1903) the buildings are completed.

PLACES OF PRODUCTION, QUALITY AND VALUE OF THE RAW MATERIALS USED IN FORMOSA.

The opium used in Formosa is produced chiefly in Persia and India, and is sometimes mixed with that produced in Szu-chuen, China. Indian opium is called "great ball," and is the monopoly of the English government. Its shape is that of a round shot, and its weight is nearly three kin. The price of a case containing one hundred kin is from seven hundred to seven hundred and fifty yen. Persian opium is called "small ball" and comes in two shapes : the one is conical, wrapped in red Chinese paper and with a cord attached to it so that it may be conveniently carried, and that of the other is an obtuse-angled square. The names of the Persian opium differ according to the color and shape of the cones. The price is more than seven hundred yen per kin. The "ball of Szuchuen" is the poorest in quality, the quantity of morphia contained therein being less than in either of the other two; the price is five hundred yen per one hundred kin. As to quality the Indian opium is best, and is used as the raw material for the manufacture of the first-class opium-paste; the method of manufacturing it is also different from that of the others. Next in quality is the Persian opium, but the Szu-chuen is far inferior.

OPIUM AT PRESENT AND THE QUANTITY PRODUCED.

The average quantity of opium-paste produced is 1,200 pounds per diem, divided as follows : viz., first-class opium-paste, 10 per cent, i. e. 12o pounds ; second-class from 20 to 30 per cent, is e. from 24o to 36o pounds; and third-class about 70 per cent, i. e. from Boo to goo pounds per diem. Supposing the quantity produced per diem to be 1,200 pounds, the production for one year would be 43,800 pounds; so that opium may not only be supplied to the whole island (Formosa), but a large quantity may be stored away, until developing an excellent flavor by further fermentation.

COMPARISON BETWEEN RAW MATERIAL AND THE QUANTITY OF OPIUM-PASTE PRODUCED.

Persian opium yields So kin of prepared opium per loo kin raw material; Benares opium yields 6o kin per loo kin of raw material. Persian opium is not constant in quality, so that the yield may vary in many experiments.

HOW MANUFACTURED OPIUM IS SOLD AT WHOLESALE BY THE GOVERNMENT.

The wholesale of opium-paste shall be carried on in accordance with Section Nine (9) of the Regulations Concerning Opium in Formosa, by delivering the opium-paste to the wholesale dealer therein, on payment of the price, through the proper district authority. The Medical Laboratory shall deliver the opium-paste only when it is ordered to do so by the proper district authority. As opium-paste is highly esteemed by the natives, who are extremely fond of it, certain officials are appointed to guard against robbery and theft of the substance, which might occur en route; it is also protected by the police officers. The wholesale of opium-paste is allowed by the government only when application is made for more than one case (containing 36 pounds) and the price is paid in cash. The revenue report shall be made by the revenue officer to the Chief of the Taxation Department of the Formosan government. The selling-price of opium-paste (by the government to the wholesale dealer) shall be one and one-half per cent less than that fixed by the government for sales by the wholesale dealer. The wholesale dealer in opium-paste may sell more than one case at the time on the demand of a person who has a license for the wholesale of opium-paste; but he may not sell it in small quantities by opening the cans. An accurate account must be kept, and the price must not exceed that fixed by the government. The wholesale dealer may sell opium-paste to a person who has a license to consume opium, but is required to keep an accurate account thereof under the supervision of the police. There is no restriction as to price, but the accounts must always be supervised.

THE PRICE OF OPIUM-PASTE.

The price of opium-paste manufactured by the government is carefully fixed by taking into account the market-price, the cost of raw materials and the expenses of manufacture. The chief objects are to keep out smugglers and to prevent the illicit importation of opium from China and other countries.
First-class opium-paste, one case (12o momme), price     12 yen
Market-price of opium-paste comparable to this was     18 yen
Second-class opium-paste, one case, price     9 yen
Market-price      12 yen
Third-class opium-paste, one case, price     7 yen
Market-price      9 or io yen

AN EPITOME OF THE EXPENSE OP MANUFACTURING OPIUM-PASTE, WHEN 1,000 LBS. OR MORE ARE PRODUCED, IS AS FOLLOWS

First-class opium-paste, cost-9.3855 yen or 9.386 yen per pound. First-class opium-paste, selling-price-12.0o yen per pound. Second-class opium-paste, cost-6.601718 yen or 6.602 yen per pound. Second-class opium-paste, selling-price-9.00 yen per pound. Third-class opium-paste, cost-5.8883o3 yen or 5.889 yen per pound. Third-class opium, selling-price-7.0o yen per pound.

THE MANNER IN WHICH THE JAPANESE GOVERNMENT REGULATES THE USE OF OPIUM IN THE ISLAND OP FORMOSA.
(Reference: The Island of Formosa Past and Present, by James W. Davidson,
F. R. G. S., U. S. Consul, pp. 614-615.)

The smoking of opium is very prevalent in Formosa, it being estimated that about 7 per cent of the total populace were addicted to the habit. The authorities were at first inclined entirely to prohibit the practice. It required but little examination into the condition of affairs, however, to find convincing evidence that any heroic measures would involve serious results. A prohibitive policy would cause constant friction between the authorities and the Chinese, and as many of the smokers were among the better class, it would drive from the island the element which the authorities wished to retain. Furthermore, it is very evident that it would be impossible to totally prevent the import of opium. Smugglers would swarm on the coast, prepared to risk arrest in view of the large profits to be obtained in the trade. It was then decided by the Formosan government to permit the smoking of opium by the Chinese under certain conditions. The smoking of opium is entirely prohibited to the Japanese, and offenders against this law are very severely dealt with. At first it was decided to de- termine by medical examination those smokers who were hopelessly addicted to the use of the drug, and to limit the supply of opium to such persons. It was thus hoped that the younger generation, being unable to obtain supplies of opium, and not having acquired a taste for the drug, would not practice the vice, and thus in fifty years or so the practice could be entirely wiped out. The principle is still maintained, and only persons provided with certificates showing that they are habitual smokers are allowed the use of the drug. Further, the general sale of opium was limited to dealers who had complied with the law and had obtained a certificate to that effect. Although this principle was a perfect one in theory, there were found to be many obstacles when it was put into practice. Great difficulty was encountered in detecting a probable smoker when this individual resided in the same house with one holding a certificate. Thus but one certificate would be obtained by a large household where there were many smokers, and the law was easily evaded. With this in consideration, and desiring to obtain a complete register of all smokers, the government relaxed the stringency of the regulations somewhat, and issued certificates to all adult applicants who declared themselves habitual smokers. The import of opium is reserved by the government as an official monopoly. The penalty for the import, or manufacture of opium, is very severe, the punishment being no less than imprisonment at hard labor for a term not exceeding eleven years, or a fine not exceeding 2,000 yen. There are over 30,000 licensed retailers in the island, and over i6o,000 certificates have been granted to smokers, which is about 6 per cent of the population. Opium to the value of some 5,000,00o yen per year is consumed. The plant is not grown in the island, the supplies being imported from Persia, India, and China. There has been, however, some discussion as to the advisability of growing opium locally, and the government has purchased a small plot of land in the south of the island for the purpose of trial cultivation. The government obtains an annual profit from the monopoly of nearly 3,000,000 yen.
(Extract from the North Formosa Trade Report, R. de 13. Layard, Consul,
1902.)
The value of the import of opium fell from £240,669 in 1901, to £153,822 in 1902, a decrease of £86,847. Indian opium was imported to the value of £67,162; but the Persian drug, being considerably cheaper and being required by the government factory in larger quantities, still preponderates. No Chinese or Turkish opium was imported.
It is asserted by the authorities, and the figures of the import would seem to bear out the assertion, that the consumption of this drug is decreasing in Formosa. They express their intention of gradually stamping out the practice of opium-smoking, and the stringent regulations enforced for the licensing of smokers and for the prevention of smuggling, assisted also by moral suasion, which at one moment took the form of a regular crusade against the habit on the part of the Buddhist missionaries from Japan, all tend toward bringing about this consummation. It has indeed been brought to my notice that the general appearance of the Chinese in this district has improved, which, however, may be due in some degree to a better regimen of food being obtainable, since the advent of the Japanese placed a higher style df living within their reach, or possibly to the fact that the more intemperate among the consumers of the drug may have left the island for other places, where they find more liberty to indulge; but it is certainly a fact, evident to any person's observation, that there are seen among them fewer faces than formerly showing the unmistakable brand of the opium habit. In any case, everything points to the fact that at some date, sooner or later, the import of opium is destined to be reduced to the limit of the country's requirement of the drug as a medicinal preparation only.

JAPAN.

THE POISON of OPIUM.
(Translated from Japanese.).
The poison contained in opium is called morphine. Those that smoke it find it injurious to health and sometimes fatal to them; this is reason why we should abstain from this terrible habit. We must respect the act forbidding the smoking of opium for the benefit of our country; this is the duty of all Japanese.
All who read the following stories, we hope, will take a lesson from them and teach it. We wish to impress upon all teachers the great necessity of instructing their pupils in regard to the evil effects of opium-smoking. The government has published this for the special purpose of warning students.
(t) At an early period there was established in our country a law forbidding the importation and smoking of opium. We have now constructed a law to the same effect, which it would be a criminal offense to disobey. Every one respects this law and obeys it. This obedience is one of our beautiful customs and is well known to foreigners, who admire it very much. The establishment of this law has prevented the Japanese from adopting the bad habit practiced by the Chinese and is one reason why our country is classed among civilized nations.
In Volume II, Part 5, Chapter I of the Criminal Law, we find the written laws in regard to opium, which include Articles 237 to 242. There is also a Tariff Law, which was published in the 3oth year of Meiji (1897), in which there is an article by which opium-smoking accessories are classed among the articles whose importation is prohibited.
(2) In China opium was first used as a medicine ; and in the Kuan era there were a few who smoked it, while in the Kakei era many people began to smoke it. The government soon perceived its dreadful effects and prohibited it. During the sixth year of the dynasty of Doko opium-smokers increased in number. In the eighteenth year of Doko all the officials in every prefecture strongly forbade the use of opium, and Rinsokujo, the governor general of Koko, insisted on the great necessity of repressing opium importation. At last the authorities had the vessels used for the importation of opium sunk. This act was the cause of the opium war between China and England. As a result of the war peace was established on the condition that the importation of opium be permitted. This is one of the reasons why China and Formosa are subject to the ruinous effects of opium.
(3) Those who smoke opium incessantly suffer from the following ailments : Their bodies become emaciated, their complexions turn a yellowish color, and there is nothing left to nourish their bodies. As a result their eyesight naturally becomes dimmed, they lose their appetite and they are unable to converse freely. When one gives way to this dreadful habit he becomes very dull, prefers to remain in the dark, forgets his duty towards his family and violates all the moral laws of humanity.
(4) Those who are enslaved to this habit must smoke at regular intervals, and if they are unable to obtain the opium at such times, they become stupid, as if dreaming, and often have cough, headache, fainting fits and vomiting, their nose and eyes begin to run, they have many nervous affections too numerous to mention, the body is covered with a cold perspiration and the mind becomes slightly unhinged. The habitues always suffer from these troubles unless their desire is gratified. There are many things injurious to health, but opium is one of the most dreadful and poisonous of drugs. Those who become accustomed to smoking cannot give the habit up as long as they live, which as a consequence cannot be for a very great period.
(5) We have explained many details above in regard to opium. In Formosa we find that it has sometimes been used for the purpose of committing murder or suicide. This is very immoral conduct ; so that it is our duty to let people know of the terrible results of this dreadful habit, in order to warn them against becoming subject to the poisonous effects of opium.
(6) His Imperial Majesty has graciously allowed those who are already under the evil effects of the poison to continue smoking for medicinal purposes. An act was passed to this effect. In addition, those who have not already taken to the habit are forbidden to do so (in the 3oth year of Meiji-1897). The idea is gradually to extinguish the habit from the island (Formosa) altogether. Therefore all those living in Formosa should understand this act and should obey it, in order that the island may become in time healthy and prosperous.
In the address which was given in December of the 29th year of Meiji (1896) by G. Nogi, then Governor General of Formosa, to the governors of all the prefectures, we find that this bad habit is gradually being extinguished. At the suggestion of the head officer to the Board of Health of the Department of Home Affairs, some officials were sent to investigate this habit among the people, and from the yearly reports of the prefectures the opium system has been devised.

REGARDING THE HABIT OP SMOKING OPIUM AND ITS HISTORY.
(Translated from Japanese.)
From an investigation made at Taipeh (Formosa) it is found that opium was first introduced into Formosa about forty or fifty years ago by English merchants, who persuaded the natives to smoke it. After a time they became so accustomed to the habit that it did not seriously affect them, and their condition became such that they could not do without it. In this manner the habit has become prevalent in Formosa.
At that time there were three English agencies here, namely, Bosun and Company, Merisu and Company, and Ige and Company, all located at Daidochun in Taipeh. The English merchants applied to these three companies and through them persuaded the natives to try opium; and as a result the opium-smokers increased in number. At this time the price of opium was one yen for eight chin. Since that time two of these agencies have been dissolved and only one of them remains. The manager of this agency related the history of the importation of opium as follows:
Opium was first imported from England in the 25th year of Dokaan. It came by way of China; but Kinzeshi, who was at this time Governor of Formosa, thought it was not right, and so forbade its importation, fighting with China on this account. There was another official, named Muzuna, who was not very conscientious, and was bribed by the English to make false accusations against Kinzeshi, as a result of which the importation of opium was permitted. The above given account is not essential to the subject, but I give it as I heard it.
About one hundred years ago the Europeans came to Singapore from British India, where they met the Chinese. The Europeans were the first to persuade the Chinese to try opium and taught them how to smoke it. This was the beginning of the evil habit which now prevails throughout China. It was about fifty years ago that opium was first introduced into Formosa, and smoking soon became very popular. This was in the period of Dokaan, during which many people who were accustomed to the habit of opium-smoking came to Formosa from Amoy and other places in China; hence the introduction of the same into the island of Formosa. It is, therefore, difficult to determine the exact beginning of the importation of opium, as the Chinese first brought it for their own personal use. The particulars are unknown, as no record was kept by Dokaan, who did not indulge in such bad habits. The foregoing account was given by a Chinese.
According to an investigation made at Tainan, opium was first imported during the Chienron era, and became very popular during the Dokaan era. At this time an act was published by Kinzeshi, the governor-general, strictly forbidding the smoking of opium and imposing the penalty of death upon those who disobeyed it. It therefore appeared that this bad habit was about to be extinguished; but after the death of Kinzeshi it again became very common.
In the preceding accounts we have given only an outline of the events, as the details are unknown.
According to the investigation made at Takao, it is believed that opium was first imported by the Chinese, who lived in small ships and navigated in them to Formosa. It was they who persuaded the natives of Formosa to try it. At this time there was no custom house. The custom house was established only about twenty years ago and thenceforth every merchant was required to pay a duty of twenty-eight yen for every one hundred pounds of opium imported by him. The amount of duty varied year by year, the average yearly amount being as follows : Twenty years ago it was 28 yen per ioo pounds.
Eighteen years ago it was 4o yen per ioo pounds.
Fourteen years ago it was 8o yen per ioo pounds.
Ten years ago it was i6o yen per ioo pounds.
It is also said to have first been brought into the port of Tansui, and then into the ports of Keelung, Tainan and Takao. (This was told by a native member of a certain firm.)
It is not necessary to give all the foregoing details in order to understand the subject ; but I have put them down as they were given to me. The order in which the ports were visited is not altogether correct, nor is it necessary to know this; but the statements have been written as I heard them.
Opium was first imported into this island about thirty years ago, and at that time it was in the raw state. It was imported through Hongkong by English merchants, who told the natives that their sicknesses would be cured if they took it as a medicine. The natives were very glad to hear this, and so procured some gratis from the merchants, and for a short time seemed to be cured. This is how they became accustomed to smoking, and, according to the English merchants, they thought it an excellent medicine, and from that time on consumed large quantities of it. It was several years afterwards that they found it to be poisonous.
The foregoing account was given by a Chinese who came to this island (Formosa) about thirty years ago, where he studied under an English physician for seven years.

THE OPINION OF THE PEOPLE BEFORE AND AFTER THE PUBLICATION OF THE ACT PROHIBITING THE IMPORTATION OF OPIUM.
The following reports have been taken from official investigations and government publications :
From the police reports of Tainan: The people caused fictitious reports to be circulated, on the supposition that the island would be taken by Japan, stating that in such an event smoking would be entirely stopped. The following are some of the many sayings that were circulated : If opium smoking is forbidden the people will probably die; in a few days all the trading ports will be closed; the English government will probably send its vessels to Arming and begin to make an investigation; there will probably be war between Japan and Europe, etc.
After the promulgation of the act, the price of opium became very high, and as a consequence the natives were placed in a very sad condition. The authorities employed natives as policemen, who had to make daily reports, and all of them reported that the price of opium was very high.
Gradually these false sayings died out, and order reigns on this eighth day of May. The natives thought that the price of opium would be increased still more.
Some native officials who come of high families as well as other persons (all of them non-smokers) gave their opinion of the act as follows :
"Opium is very harmful, and therefore to forbid its smoking is very good policy, as the poor class of people are thus much better off on their twenty sen per day. They usually earn this amount in a day, spending fifteen sen of it on opium and trying to keep their families on the remainder ; but this they find very difficult. The smoker becomes very idle and does not work hard, so that his family is greatly reduced in circumstances. For this reason the use of opium should be forbidden, as well as to benefit the country at large from an •economic standpoint."
Takao. Mr. Yoshi, sub-director of customs at this port, gave his opinion as follows :
"All the natives, as well as the English and German merchants who are trading in opium, became very much perplexed regarding their trade in the future, fearing that the island would be taken by the Japanese, and that the trade in opium and its smoking would be strictly forbidden. However, on reading the act prohibiting the smoking of opium, they understood that the policy of the government was gradually to extinguish the habit from the island, and as a consequence were quieted. There were English and German merchants as well as natives trading in sugar, camphor, and several other articles, who were at the same time dealing in opium. They said that when they had sold the stock on hand they would discontinue their trade in opium. Among these merchants there was a certain Tshindwon, who had a depot at Takao and also a branch at Yokohama. His business was very prosperous, more so than that of the English and German merchants. He and his younger brother had lived in Yokohama for several years, so that they were quite well known to the Japanese, and gave much useful information concerning the situation. He said that when he had sold the stock he then had on hand he would be unable to obtain more, so that he was trying to send a clerk to Yokohama who was well acquainted with Japanese customs to determine on new articles of merchandise."
A certain official made a visit to the house of Tshindwon to investigate the opium question. Tshindwon made the following statement :
"In my opinion, the opium remaining from last year's stock in this island will not supply the requirements of the people for many months, in view of the fact that the act forbidding the importation of opium has been established this year. If the people cannot have their demands supplied, their condition will become very serious and much confusion will ensue."
He stated that he wished to know what the policy of the government was to be regarding the continuance of opium smoking. The imports at that time amounted to from 3,500 to 3,600 boxes per year.
Hokoto. (Reported March 26.) From secert investigations it appears that the announcement of the government did not particularly affect the opium smokers. The only anxiety they felt was on account of the high price, which would make it more difficult for them to obtain opium. For a few days after the publication of the act there was no scarcity of opium, but in time people hoped that it would be entirely eliminated. The present price is 5o sen for 58o grains, while the prices formerly were go and 35 sen for the same quantity. Comparing the present price with that of April, last year, it has increased 20 per cent. However, it was not on account of the announcement of the government that the price increased, but on account of the products.

THE ORIGIN OF CHEWING THE BETEL NUT AMONG THE FORMOSANS AND ITS RELATION TO OPIUM SMOKING.
You will find that nearly all the men throughout Formosa are smokers. All the native women powder their faces white and decorate their hair with flowers as well as with artificial imitations of the same mounted on hairpins. Even old, white-haired women decorate their heads in the same way that young girls do in Japan. All natives, both young and old, both male and female, chew betel nut, making their lips very red. Perhaps this is the reason why the natives of Formosa were supposed to eat human flesh. After chewing the betel nut their teeth look as if they had been painted black. It is said that originally the natives chewed betel nut on occasions of ceremony, but that this was later replaced by opium. On inquiring about the origin of the custom, we obtained the following reply:
On any great ceremonious occasion in Formosa the betel nut was chewed. But after the importation of opium, smoking came into favor and the betel nut was done away with.
On questioning the truth of this report, the reply was: The exact origin of the custom is not known ; but even at the present time the chewing of the betel nut has not entirely been eliminated. It is still used on wedding occasions. On asking whether it was used on great ceremonious occasions, we were told that it was not—that it is used only in the place of spirituous drinks, and that ten years ago it was not used on any occasion of ceremony whatever.

However, the ancient custom of chewing betel nut has not completely disappeared, as we find it sometimes still used on occasions of ceremony. Following are given a few examples :
The betel nut is used on both joyous and mournful occasions. When the guest arrives betel nut is brought to him, just as tea is served in Japan, and at times opium is brought to the visitor to smoke, just as dinner is served in Japan. If any one happens to be impolite or in any way offensive, he offers betel nut as an apology, or peace offering. Singers and prostitutes also bring it to their guests.
At marriage ceremonies the bride has a white veil placed over her head and face; she then starts out for the place where the nuptials are to take place, which is generally the house of the bridegroom. When she enters she removes her veil and receives salutations and good wishes, after which betel nut is brought out for all assembled.
On occasions of great rejoicing the betel nut is wrapped in red paper; on mournful occasions it is wrapped in yellow paper, and in both instances numbered from eight to ten. When it takes the form of a present, it is placed on trays or in baskets and then presented.

AN INVESTIGATION OF THE IMPORTATION OF OPIUM THROUGH ALL THE CUSTOMS HOUSES.
First—The different varieties of raw opium, the packages, the form, the weight, the making up, the packing, the baling for importation, and the prices at the places of production.
Opium is produced from the poppy (the narcotic juice of the white poppy). That imported from Smyrna and Constantinople is used especially for medicinal purposes; that from Persia, China, and India for smoking. The latter is used for smoking in Formosa also.
Benares opium was imported in boxes in the following way : The box was first covered with packing cloth. On the lid was printed in English the name of the contents, the season, the number of cakes, their consistency, the standard weight, the name of the agent, and the date. The interior of the box was divided into squares, of which there were two layers, in which the cakes of opium were placed. The corners were filled in with poppy leaves and petals.
The opium produced in India is somewhat superior to other kinds, and is. called "taotao" in Formosa, being sold especially by English merchants. There is another kind which is sold by all merchants and is called "Malwa." "Taotao" is produced in two qualities ; the inferior kind is called "Benares" and the superior "Patna." It is moulded into round cakes about six inches in diameter and then packed in the petals of the poppy. The opium is in the center, and looks very much like mud. The superior quality, "Patna," is harder than the inferior one. In Hongkong "Patna' is chiefly used, but in Formosa "Benares" is principally imported, "Patna" being very seldom used.
We shall now give the results of an investigation made in all the customs houses in Formosa.
Tamsui. There have been two kinds of opium (raw material) imported here since the opening of the customs house, and most of it has come from Persia. When raw material became old the price rose in proportion to the number of years that had passed since its manufacture.
The opium produced in Persia was brought here in the following way : The box, which was made of hard wood, was first covered with packing cloth on the outside and lined with sheet iron on the inside, with two division, in which seventy cakes of raw opium were placed. The box was called "shoto." We found that the boxes were irregular, one being fifteen inches in depth, thirty-one in length, and twenty-one in breadth.
The packages and the shape of the opium: Benares is cake-shaped, is six inches in diameter, and is covered with the dry petals of the poppy. When cut, the inside is found to be black.

CHINA.

AN HISTORICAL. SUMMARY SHOWING THE ATTITUDE TAKEN BY THE UNITED STATES TOWARD THE TRAFFIC IN OPIUM IN THE CHINESE EMPIRE AND KOREA.
(Reference: American Diplomacy in the Orient, by John W. Foster, pp. 295-299, 334.)
As a result, partly, of the cordial and conciliatory spirit in which the Chinese government acceded to certain changes in the provisions of the Treaty of r868 between China and the United States respecting the immigration of Chinese into the latter country, a commission consisting of Dr. James B. Angell, president of Michigan University; John T. Swift, of California, and W. H. Trescot, a former assistant secretary of state, negotiated, in 1880, a commercial treaty with that empire in which it was stipulated that "citizens of the United States shall not be permitted to import opium into any of the open ports of China, to transport it from one open port to another open port, or to buy and sell opium in any of the open ports of China;" and this absolute prohibition was to be enforced by appropriate legislation.
In 1882, Commodore Schufeldt, with full powers to negotiate on behalf of the United States, signed a treaty with Korea in which a similar clause, prohibiting citizens of the United States from trafficking in opium in that kingdom, was inserted.
After the execution of the commercial treaty with China, Mr. W. N. Pethick, an American long resident in that country, and private secretary to Li Hung Chang, addressed a communication to Dr. Angell, then American Minister at Peking, in which he refers to the great importance of the prohibition clause in that treaty, and says that "China has never consented to bear without murmur the great wrong of the opium traffic which was forced upon her ; neither has the government been indifferent to the spread of the evil. Blood and treasure were spent freely in combatting its introduction, and, though defeated in war, the government has not remained a silent or unfeeling witness of the blight extending over the country." He says that "the single article of opium imported equals in value all other goods brought into China, and is greater than all the tea or all the silk (the two chief articles of export) sent out of the country; which shows that the black stream of pollution which has so long flowed out of India into China has been increasing in volume and spreading its baneful influence wider and wider. Americans have been engaged in the trade in common with other foreigners; but the United States, by a bold and noble declaration against opium, now stands in the right before the world and the God of nations."
It was naturally hoped that the example set by the United States would not only incite the Chinese government to renewed activity in its opposition to the opium traffic, but would have a salutary effect on the attitutde of Great Britain. There was in existence in England at the time an association whose object was to create a public sentiment in favor of the suppression of the trade, to which Li Hung Chang addressed a communication, from which the following is an extract :
"Opium is a subject in the discussion of which England and China can never meet on common ground. China views the whole question from a moral standpoint; England from a fiscal. England would sustain a source of revenue in India while China contends for the lives and property of her people. * * * The present import duty on opium was established not from choice, but because China submitted to the adverse decision of arms. The war must be considered as China's standing protest against legalizing such a revenue. * * * The new treaty with the United States containing the prohibitory clause against opium encourages the belief that the broad principles of justice and feelings of humanity will prevail in future relations between China and the Western nations."
It is gratifying to record that the United States government from the beginning has sought to discountenance the traffic. In the first treaty with China that of 1844—it was provided that "citizens of the United States * *• * who shall trade in opium or other contraband article of merchandise, shall be subject to be dealt with by the Chinese government without being entitled to any countenance or protection from that of the United States."
When Mr. Reed was sent out to negotiate the treaty of 1858, he was instructed to say to the Chinese government that its effort to prevent the importation and consumption of opium was a praiseworthy measure, and that the United States would not seek for its citizens the legal establishment of the opium trade, nor would it uphold them in any attempt to violate the laws of China by the introduction of that article into the country.

MEASURES TAKEN BY THE UNITED STATES TO PROHIBIT HER MERCHANTS FROM TRAFFICKING IN OPIUM IN CHINA.
(Reference: A Century of American Diplomacy; John W. Foster, p. 291.)
From the beginning of our political intercourse with that country (China) we have discouraged all efforts on the part of Americans to engage in the opium trade, so injurious to its people and forbidden by its laws. As early as 1843 participation in that trade by an American consul was made a cause for his dismissal; our ministers were instructed to inform the Chinese government that the citizens of the United States would not be sustained by their government in any attempts to violate the laws of China respecting the trade; and by the Treaty of 1880 our citizens are prohibited to buy or sell opium in China, or to import it into that country.
(An Article Published in the N. C. Daily News on April 25, 1900.)
Messrs. Rocher and Hippisley have both, in the Shanghai Trade Reports, given it as their opinion that the sale of morphia ought to be specially restricted. During nine years the use of this preparation from opium by the Chinese has spread with remarkable rapidity. For the first time morphia appeared in Trade Reports as a separate item among the foreign sundries in the year 1891. Before it was only covered up under the general title of medicines in the Annual Returns of Trade which are published by the imperial customs. The annual import amounts now to about 150,000 ounces, while in 1891 the value stated in the Amoy Trade Report is Tls. 1,079. This represents from 400 to 750 ounces. Two years later the Amoy import reached 2,632 ounces. In 1898 the amount stated is 11,810 ounces. The commissioner remarks that the morphia habit is making continual and rapid progress. An increasing number of shops, both at Amoy and in the interior, advertise morphia pills as a cure for the opium habit; generally it is taken in the form of pills, but subcutaneous injection is rapidly coming into favor. He adds that the use of morphia is more injurious than the opium habit, as it is the most harmful of the narcotic alkaloids contained in the opium, and is cheaper, and, being more convenient for use, a greater number of persons are able to indulge in the habit; the retail price of an ounce bottle is $3 to $3.20. The rapid increase in the use of morphia at Amoy is accompanied by a diminution in the opium habit. In 1897 Amoy purchased 4,306 piculs of foreign opium, and in 1898 the quantity was 3,790 piculs, which was less by 12 per cent. At the same time poppy crops go on increasing in area every year. The total production of native opium was in 1897 valued at $2,400,000 for the district in which Amoy is situated. Native opimu bought at Amoy amounted to r,000 piculs in 1898. This was brought from Yunnan and Szechuan. If we compare these figures with those of the year 1882, when the entire import of opium at Amoy was 8,000 piculs, there is a probability that the disastrous opium habit is still increasing in a part of China where it has existed for about 170 years. This is unhappily a picture of all China ; the people will, against all remonstrances, injure themselves by this habit. They expend the capital made in their labor in the purchase of a distinctly injurious article. This prevents the use of the same capital in the productive industries. This very pernicious effect of the opium habit is very "clearly seen in the trade in exports at Amoy. In 1898 the Amoy exports of tobacco, tea, paper, sugar, boots and shoes, chinaware, bricks, samshu, umbrellas, fishing nets, garlic, and vermicelli amounted in value to Tls. 2,550,000. In 1882 they amounted to Tls. 4,865,000. The opium habit, through the misemployment of capital, has caused the exports to decline one-half in sixteen years. From an economical point of view, it appears that the opium habit is far and away the greatest hindrance now existing to the industrial productiveness of Chinese labor. The falling off occurs in sugar, tea, and paper. Sugar export fell from the value Tls. 937,000 to the value Tls. 716,000. The export of paper fell during the same sixteen years from the value Tls. 316,000 to the value Tls. 266,000. The tea export has fallen from a value of Tls. 2,600,000 to Tls. 147,000. Opium is the bane of•Amoy, and it cost the people Tls. 2,300,000 in 1882 and Tls. 2,370,000 in 1898.
At Swatow, the next neighbor of Amoy, the sugar export has risen during the same interval of sixteen years from a value of five millions of taels to six millions. The entire exports of Swatow amounted to Tls. 7,000,000 in 1882 and to Tls. 13,000,000 in 1898.
Morphia is not mentioned in the imports, and it is probably still unknown there. The foreign opium imported had dropped from to,000 piculs in 1879 to 4,500 in 1898. Native opium paid duty on 489 piculs in 1898. It may be concluded, therefore, that, because there is less devotion to the opium habit in Swatow, there is a greater development of the industries which produce wealth. As additional evidence on this point, it may be mentioned that in the Trade Report for 1895, Mr. Simpson stated that the small area devoted to the poppy cultivation near Swatow does not increase. The exports become in this view of special interest. The most valuable are: Sugar, Tls. 6,000,000; tobacco, Tls. 914,000; paper, Tls. 900,000; native cotton cloth, Tls. 628,000; grass cloth, Tls. 580,000; indigo, Tls. 196,00o. The superiority of Swatow to Amoy in industries is very remarkable; the industries are much the same, but the quantity of exports is five or six times greater at Swatow than at Amoy. Industry at Amoy is paralyzed by the opium habit. At Swatow there is less opium and no morphia, and a diminution in opium smoking leads to a great increase in the products of native industry. •
Morphia follows closely in the footsteps of opium; wherever the paralyzing effect of the opium habit is felt, morphia receives an invitation to enter. In 1892 it appeared only in two Trade Reports—those of Amoy and Shanghai. In 1895 it occurs in that of Canton for the first time, and also in that of Foochow. In 1896 morphia went up the Yangtze River to Kiukiang. In 1897 it reached Chinkiang, and in 180 Hankow. It was in that year in seven Trade Reports only. We may predict that it will follow everywhere the opium scourge. Recourse is had to morphia when the tyranny of the opium habit is most severely felt. Morphia in the form of pills is a cheap substitute for opium smoking, and this accounts for its rapid extension. The subcutaneous injection will not be preferred by many persons to the pills. The disfigurement of the skin by ugly scars is too inconvenient to become a widespread fashion. How is it in Kiangsi? If Kiukiang expended Tls. 856,000 in buying opium in 1882, and Tls. 1,500,000 for the injurious article in 1898, the people have now less capital to extend their industries. Accordingly we find that the value of the tea export has fallen from Tls. 6,7oo,oco in 1E82 to Tls. 4,496,000 in 1898. Yet there has been a large increase in the export of paper, porcelain, grass cloth, and vegetable tallow. Notwithstanding this fact the presence of morphia is a forewarning of evil to come in the province of Kiangsi.
(Extract from "A Review: Truth About Opium," by Dr. Dudgeon.)
Among the well-to-do the proportion of opium smokers may be to per cent., among the poor 20 per cent., among the general male adult population in cities say 20 per cent., in non-opium-cultivating country districts, among males 2 or 3 per cent., among females 1 or 2 per cent. Among the smokers the proportion of the sufficiently well-off may be 20 per cent, of the poor 8o per cent. In regard to the subject of distinguishing opium smokers, of those who smoke regularly 8o per cent. are. easily distinguished and 20 per cent. perhaps not so easily, unless to the highly practiced eye. Of those who smoke not so regularly as to times but where the habit must be satisfied, who attend to business regularly, more than io per cent. are easily distinguished. All those who smoke ashes—that is, the inveterate, old, and confirmed smokers—are easily recognized. Of those who eat ashes—that is, the very poorest—they are still in a worse plight. Of the regular smokers whose habit must be gratified at regular fixed times, there may be 6o or 70 per cent ; of those who can put off on account of engagements, etc., for a short time, 3o or 4o per cent. Of the so-called moderate smokers, there may be 20 or 3o per cent,with a strong tendency to merge into the immoderate class, of whom there are from 70 to 8o per cent. The latter class cannot get up in the morning, cannot sleep at night, and so business is neglected. Not more than two or three per million smoke without apparent injury. Such persons must have three qualifications which are rarely found in the smoker : (I) wealth, (2) good living, and (3) a perseverance and constancy of purpose. Rarely do these three meet in one individual. The two following cases have been reported to me : An official seventy years of age had smoked for fifty years seven mace daily.; he was very lean; he did everything by clockwork—sleep, meals, and work ; he took a mouthful repeatedly during the day, but never indulged long in it at once ; he laid down the pipe at once when he had reached the imposed limit ; it never became a plaything with him to while away the time and turn night into day; he kept fixed hours, retired to rest at a certain hour, and never transgressed; he nourished his body on the richest soups, ate abundance of mutton, duck, fowl, etc. The other was a man fifty years of age, who had smoked for thirty years and had also observed the strictest regularity in all things.

AN EXAMINATION MADE BY THE COMMITTEE OF THE GOVERNMENT GOD0wNS FOR OPIUM AND OF THE METHODS USED BY THE GOVERNMENT IN HANDLING OPIUM AT SHANGHAI, UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF MR. STEBBINS.
SHANGHAI, November 4, 1903.

Most of the opium imported comes from India; Malwa, Patna, and Bengal opium constituting the larger part of that imported. A small quantity of Persian opium is also imported, but practically none from any other country.
When a shipment of opium arrives in the harbor, the consignee places it in certain hulks or floating warehouses under bond. From there it is taken to the government godown, where it is weighed and labeled, and permits for its transfer issued on the payment of a duty of no Hk. taels per ioo catties. This sum includes both duty and liken tax, and after its payment the opium may be transferred at will. The native opium pays a departure duty of 20 Hk. taels per loo catties at the point of shipment, and an arrival duty of 4o Hk. taels per ioo cat-ties at its destination. Leaving China from the port of I,ungchow, native opium pays an export duty of 20 Hk. taels, and should it be returned to China, it pays an import duty of Ho Hk. taels.
The duty on morphia is 3 Hk. taels per ounce. The Committee was informed by Mr. Stebbins that the use of morphia is considered more injurious and more despicable by the Chinese than the use of opium.
The opinion was also expressed by Mr. Stebbins that the moderate use of opium among the Chinese is very common; that the official class generally use it, and that its moderate use by sound men, who are well fed and cared for, does not interfere with their capacity for physical or mental work.
It will be seen, therefore, that the Chinese government, at least at Shanghai, does nothing more than place a somewhat heavy duty and tax on opium. So far as the Committee was able to determine, no special measure to limit or discourage the use of the drug at Shanghai prevails.