APPENDIX D.

INTERVIEWS, STATISTICS. ETC.. PERTAINING TO THE PHILIPPINES.

INTERVIEWS.
INTERROGATORIES ADDRESSED IN WRITING BY THE COMMITTEE TO THE FOLLOWING
PERSONS:
Senor Pablo Araneta, Iloilo, Iloilo.
Senor P. S. Augustin, Tayabas, Tayabas. Senor M. Chiyuto, Capis, Capis.
Senor Narciso Cordero, Pagsanjan, Laguna. Senor Silverio Eleazar, Lucban.
Senor Antonio Fernando, Surigao, Surigao. Senor S. Gonzalez, Bais, Dumaguete. Senor F. E. de Jesus, Naval, Leyte.
Senor Juan Montenegro, Dumaguete, Negros. Senor V. D. Ocampo, Binan, Laguna.
Senor M. V. Palomares, Santa Cruz.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig, Capis, Capiz. Senor I. Roza:, Corrijos, Marinduque, Tayabas.
Senor Hugo Salazar, Surigao, Surigao. (See Senor Antonio Fernando,
joint answers.)
Senor Benito Sorvera, Surigao, Surigao. Senor Poltcarpio Van°, Malitbog, Leyte. Senor Felipe Villasis, Capis, Panay.
Senor Jose Vizmanos, Dumaguete.
Anonymous Answers, Amblan.

Q. What is the approximate number of Chinese inhabitants in the pueblo in which you reside, and what proportion of them are addicted to the opium habit P
Senor Pablo Araneta: In this province (Iloilo) there are 1,896 Chinese, of whom 856 smoke opium and a large number use it in the form of pills or small balls.
Senor P. S. Augustin: About so Chinese reside in this pueblo (Tayabas), and the proportion of those who smoke opium is about forty per cent.
Senor M. Chiyuto: About 120 Chinese, of whom about 23 per cent. smoke.
Senor Narciso Cordero: The number of Chinese resident in this pueblo (Pagsanjan, Laguna) is approximately eighty, about 15 per cent of whom are addicted to the opium vice.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: There are so Chinese (In Lucban), forty per cent of whom are addicted to the opium vice.
Senor Antonio Fernando: There are in the whole province (of Surigao) 4o8 Chinese, 175 of whom live in this pueblo (Surigao). About 5o per cent of the Chinese smoke opium.
Senor S. Gonzalez: There are at present in the pueblo of Bais four Chinese. They are excessive smokers of opium and are constantly encouraging the spread of the habit, as it brings them large profits, being themselves sellers of the drug.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: There are in this pueblo (Naval) four Chinese, Too per cent of whom are addicted to the opium habit.

Senor Juan Montenegro: About 300 (in Dumaguete), of whom 99 per cent use opium.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: There are approximately i6 Chinese in Bilian, Laguna), 12 per cent of whom are addicted to the opium vice.
Senor M. V. Polomares: The number is 38, and the use of opium among them is general (Santa Cruz).
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: There are about 120 Chinese in this pueblo (Capiz), and the opium habit is practiced quite generally among them.
Senor I. Rosas: There is only one Chinese in this pueblo (Corrijos, Marinduque, Tayabas), and he smokes opium.
Senor Hugo Salazar: There are in the whole province (of Surigao) 408 Chinese, of whom 175 reside in this pueblo (Surigao).
About so per cent of the Chinese smoke opium.
Senor Benito Sorvera: One hundred and seventy-five Chinese, 25 per cent of whom are addicted to the vice (Surigao).
Senor Policarpio Vario: There are 33 Chinese residents (in Malitbog, Leyte), 33 per cent of whom smoke opium.
Senor Felipe Villasis: In the municipality of Capiz, of which I am a resident, there are about loo Chinese. In my judgment the proportion of them who use opium is about 25 per cent.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: The approximate number of Chinese in the municipality of Dumaguete is i00. The percentage using opium is about fifty.
Anonymous, Amblan: There are in the pueblo of Amblan 5 Chinese, all of whom smoke opium.
Q. What proportion of the Filipinos in your pueblo use opium!'
Senor Pablo Araneta: In this pueblo (Iloilo), according to the census report, there are 395,152 inhabitants, of whom 170 are addicted to the vice-93 men and 77 women.
Senor P. S. Augustin: One in 2,000.
Senor M. Chiyuto: The proportion of Filipinos using it is about 2 in 1,000.
Senor Narciso Cordero: The opium vice is not known among the Filipinos in this pueblo (Pagsanjan, Laguna).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: About I per cent (in Lucban).
Senor Antonio Fernando: The Filipinos in this province (Surigao) who are addicted to the opium vice are distributed among the various pueblos, as follows:

This report is not complete, as, owing to the difficulties of communication, I obtained information only from the pueblos above mentioned, in which the average percentage of Filipinos smoking opium is 0.211.
Senor S. Gonzalez: The proportion of Filipinos smoking opium in this pueblo (Bais, Dumaguete) is about 3 per cent of the entire population. In some of the northern pueblos, as for example Tayasan, 25 per cent of the inhabitants are addicted to the vice. This percentage is rapidly increasing in all the pueblos of the province.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: The proportion of Filipin.os in this pueblo (Naval, Leyte) who use opium is about i in i,000.
Senor Juan Montenegro: About i per cent.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: About 2 in ro,000 (Birian, Laguna).
Senor M. V. Palomares: It is very small, not exceeding seven persons (Santa Cruz).
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: About 2 in r,000 (Capiz).
Siior I. Roxas: There is not one smoker among the 5,000 people of this municipality (Corrijos, Tayabas).
Senor Hugo Salazar: See Senor Antonio Fernando.
Senor Benito Servera: About o. 143 per cent. (Surigao).
Senor Policarpio Vatio: Among the Filipinos in this pueblo, about 3o use opium.
Senor Felipe Villasis: I should suppose about 1 in i,000.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: About r per cent of the Filipinos use opium (in Dumaguete).
Anonymous, Amblan: It is impossible to state with exactness, as the proportion is a mere fraction; but it may safely be said that there are about ro persons addicted to the vice (in Amblan).
Q. Is opium used by women? If so, by what percentage of them? Senor Pablo Araneta: Seventy-seven women (Iloilo).
Senor P. S. Augustin: No.
Senor M. Chiyuto: About 6 Filipino women (Capiz).
Senor Narciso Cordero: I do not know.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: No (Lucban).
Senor Antonio Fernando: For every ro Filipino men that smoke opium there is r Filipino woman.
Senor S. Gonzalez: It may be estimated that on an average for every 2 men there is 1 women addicted to the habit. In families where opium is used all the members smoke it, including young children. I have had occasion to visit a family where the parents caused a newly-born infant to inhale puffs of opium smoke because, they said, it was good to put it to sleep. Naturally, this child, living in an atmosphere saturated with opium, must in time become an excessive user of opium, just as are his parents (Bais, Dumaguete).
Senor F. E. de Jesus: It is used by about s per cent of the women (Naval, Leyte).
Senor Juan Montenegro: If they use it at all, the percentage is smaller than that of men (Dumaguete, Negros).
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Yes. About r in io,000 (Bit'Ian, Laguna). Senor M. V. Palomares: No (Santa Cruz).
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: Yes. About I in 4,000 (Capiz).
Senor I. Roxas: Women do not use it (in Corrijos, Tayabas). Senor Benito Sorvera: Yes. About 0.143 per cent. (Surigao). Senor Policarpio Vatio: A few women use it (in Malitbog, Leyte). Senor Felipe Villasis: Yes. About I in 3,000 (Capiz, Panay).
Senor Jose Vizmanos: The number of women addicted to the habit is very
limited, there being no more than 6 or 8 such in this pueblo (Dumaguete). Anonymous, Amblan: There are only two women using opium in the whole
pueblo (Amblan).
Q. Is opium used by other nationalities? If so, by what percentage? Senor Pablo Araneta: No (Iloilo).
Senor P. S. Augustin: No (Tayabas, Tayabas).
Senor M. Chiyuto: No foreigners are known to smoke; but during the American military occupation some were observed smoking (Capiz, Capiz). Senor Narciso Cordero: I do not kow (Pagsanjan, Laguna).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: No (Lucban).
Senor .intonio Fernando: It may be said with certainty that no foreigners smoke opium (in Surigao, Surigao).
Senor S. Gonzalez: In the pueblo of Bais there are more foreigners than in the rest of the province (of Dumaguete), but no one using opium is known to exist among them.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: With the exception of the Chinese, I know of no foreigners in this pueblo who use opium (Naval, Leyte).
Senor Juan Montenegro: I know of no foreigners using it excepting the Chinese (Dumaguete, Negros).
Senor V. D. Ocampo: No (Bit-Ian, Laguna).
Senor M. V. Palomares: No (Santa Cruz).
Senor P. Quisumbuig: Yes. One American here is known to use opium (Capiz, Capiz).
Senor I. Roxas: With the exception of one Chinese, there are no foreigners in this locality (Corrijos, Tayabas).
Senor Benito Sorvera: No (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor Policarpio Vano: There are no other nationalities that use it (Malitbog, Leyte).
Senor Felipe Villasis: I do not know (Capiz, Panay).
Senor Jose Vizmanos: No foreigners addicted to the opium habit are known (Dumaguete).
Anonymous, Amblan: I know of none (Amblan).
Q. Ordinarily, how much opium is daily used by a person addicted to the vice?
Senor Pablo Araneta: I cannot state with exactness the quantity of opium daily used by a person ; but if I may be allowed to make an estimate, I should say from one-half to two taels daily, according to the means of the smoker.
Senor P. S. Augustin: That depends upon the habitue, varying from one-fourth to one tael.
Senor M. Chiyuto: About one tad.
Senor Narciso Cordero: I do not know.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: From one-fourth to one tad or more daily, according to the means of the habitue.
Senor Antonio Fernando: The quantity of opium daily used by an habitue varies from one to one and one-fourth taels.
Senor S. Gonzalez: The amount smoked depends upon the means of the smoker. As long as he has any means, he smokes until it is exhausted, and afterwards he smokes as much as he can get.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: An opium habitue smokes from ten to twelve ounces of the drug daily.
Senor Juan Montenegro: The daily amount used varies from one to three ounces, depending upon the means of the user.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: It may be estimated at approximately ten grams daily.
Senor M. V. Palomares: As much as one and one-half dollar's worth daily.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: About one tael every twenty-four hours.
Senor I. Roxas: A person addicted to the opium vice may consume from two or three to four taels per day, one tael being equal to 22 grams, if the writer is not wrongly informed ; but this is what may be termed a vice. A person who uses opium moderately or as a sedative in disease may consume only one-third or one-half tael, and cases have been seen where one tael has lasted a moderate smoker for four days.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: About one-half tael daily.

Seiirr Policarpio Vario: The habitue consumes daily from one to two dollars' worth of the drug.
Senor Felipe Villasis: From one to one and one-half taels.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: The excessive user, if his means permit, may consume daily from six to eight taels.
Anonymous, Amblan: Upon this point nothing exact can be said, as the amour used depends upon the means of the smoker and is correspondingly small or large; but the regular amount varies from one-third to two-thirds of a tael.

Q. Among what class of people is the opium vice most extensively practiced? Senor Pablo Araneta: Users .of opium are most numerous in the middle class; among the rich there are very few of them (Iloilo).
Senor P. S. Augustin: Among the poor and vicious class (Tayabas. Tayabas).
Senor M. Chiyuto: Among the poor class of Chinese (Capiz, Capiz). Senor Narciso Cordero: I do not know.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: Generally among the less reputable classes (Luc-ban).
Senor Antonio Fernando: The opium vice has taken hold of both poor and rich, especially those coming in frequent contact with the Chinese. Persons of the educated class who are able to understand the pernicious effects of opium do not usually acquire the habit (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor S. Gonzalez: It is most extensive among the well-to-do class, by whom it is used as a luxury and who by its use boast of having attained the triumph of civilization (Bais, Dumaguete).
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Among all classes of society (Naval, Leyte).
Senor Juan Montenegro: Among all classes, but especially among those living in the pueblo and thus in closer contact with the Chinese (Dumaguete, Negros).
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Among the lower and middle classes (Bifian, Laguna).
Senor M. V. Palomares: Among the aristocratic class (Santa Cruz). Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: Among the poor and uneducated (Capiz). Senor I. Roxas: There are no persons of any social class in this pueblo who
are addicted to the opium vice (Corrijos, Tayabas).
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: Generally among the lower or plebeian class (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor Policarpio Vano: Among all classes (Malitbog, Leyte).
Senor Felipe Villasis: Among the lower class (Capiz, Panay).
Senor Jose Vizmanos: The opium vice is most extensive among the lower class; among the middle class it is limited (Dumaguete).
Anonymous, Amblan: It exists to a greater or smaller extent among all classes of society (Amblan).
Q. In what form is opium used? By smoking, by drinking, or in the form of pills?
Senor Pablo Araneta: It is smoked by almost all who use it; the number taking it in the form of small pills is insignificant (Iloilo, Iloilo).
(Senor P. S. Augustin: It is generally smoked, but is sometimes taken in the form of pills (Tayabas, Tayabas).
Senor M. Chiyuto: Most persons smoke it, but those who have not sufficient means to do so, or wish to be economic, take it in the form of pills.
Senor Narciso Cordero: I do not know.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: By smoking. When an habitue is on a journey he generally takes it in the form of pills (Lucban).
Senor Antonio Fernando: Opium is generally smoked. Only rarely are the ashes derived from smoked opium taken by swallowing, owing to a lack of means on the part of the user (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor S. Gonzalez: It is generally used for smoking. Persons while travelling take it in the form of pills (Bais, Dumaguete).
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Opium is used in three ways: In smoking, by taking in the form of drinks, or in the form of pills; but it is usually smoked, otherwise it is taken in the form of pills (Naval, Leyte).
Senor Juan Montenegro: Both for smoking and in the form of pills; although the latter method is used only when circumstances prevent the user from placing himself and his apparatus in the position necessary for smoking (Dumaguete, Negros).
Senor V. D. Ocampo: It is generally smoked, but sometimes taken in the form of pills (Bilian, Laguna).
Senor M. V. Palomares: Primarily, it may be said, for smoking (Santa Cruz).

Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: For smoking and in the form of pills (Capiz, Capiz).
Senor I. Roxas: From what I have seen of habitues in other places, they use opium for smoking; but the smokers sometimes take the ashes or residue in the form of pills, in quantities varying from one to two grams daily (Corrijos, Tayabas).
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: Generally for smoking; but if the user does not have the instruments necessary for smoking he takes opium in the form of pills (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor Policarpio Vario: For smoking (Malitbog, Leyte).
Senor Felipe Villasis: It is smoked by most of those who are addicted to the vice; by some it is used in the form of pills (Capiz, Panay).
Senor Jose Vizmanos: It is generally smoked; owing to a lack of means, it is sometimes taken in the form of pills.
Anonymous, Amblan: I believe that the usual mode of using it is for smoking. Sometimes it may be taken in the form of pills, in cases where the user is unable to assume the proper position—that is, a reclining posture—or when he lacks means (Amblan).
Q. What effect does the use of opium produce on the health and social life of the user? Does it ever produce insanity? Does it ever produce aphrodisia? Does it lead to theft, as observed in India and China? Does it create criminal tendencies?
Senor Pablo Araneta: Its effects on the health are emaciation, general debility, dyspepsia, costivenes, stupor or mental apathy, loss of memory, and dullness. As far as the social life is concerned, the users of opium are not lovers of progress and are repugnant to society. It produces aphrodisia, and leads to theft in cases of necessity. It also leads to other forms of crime, there having come under my observation cases of fathers who have prostituted their daughters and even husbands who have prostituted their wives for this reason (Iloilo, Iloilo).
Senor P. S. Augustin: Physically he generally becomes rachitic and anemic, and in his social life he makes himself repugnant by reason of his odor and complexion. No cases of insanity have been observed. There have been cases of aphrodisia. Neither theft nor any other crimes have been observed (Tayabas, Tayabas).
Senor M. Chiyuto: Habitues, when unable to secure opium with which to satisfy their craving at the regular hour, have a general feeling of depression, suffer from headache or other temporary ailments, which disappear when the craving has again been satisfied (Capiz, Capiz).
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: In my opinion and as far as my limited observation goes, its effects are unfavorable to the health, as every habitue is recognized by his complexion, which is indicative of adolescence; and on the social life it pro- duces similar effects, for, in order to satisfy his craving, the habitue must daily waste many precious hours which should be given to his work in lying down on his bed to smoke, or sitting down at the side of a candle, after which he goes to sleep. Cases of insanity are not observed among habitues of opium. Opium produces aphrodisia. Although it has not come within my observation, it is possible that the use of opium may lead to the commission of theft and other crimes in order to obtain money with which to buy opium, when the user himself lacks the means or persons who will furnish him with the money necessary to gratify his craving; for the amount of opium used tends continually to increase, as any given amount soon ceases to satisfy. I knew a rich Chinese who ten years previous to his death became poor and remained so until he died; poverty overtook him owing to the neglect of his business, resulting from the opium vice, in the practice of which he spent eight dollars a day in the purchase of opium, relishes, and wines; for, in my opinion, the user of opium becomes an epicure as well (Lucban).
Senor Antonio Fernando: The opium habit enervates the vital forces, producing in the organism a lassitude which makes the user stupid and unfit for work. It diminishes the reproductive powers, at times producing sterility. The moral viciousness and laziness caused by opium, as well as a continual drowsiness, predispose the user for the commission of theft and other crimes (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor S. Gonzalez: Those who are addicted to this abominable vice present a repugnant aspect of social life; they become stupid, dull, and filthy, and are continually driveling, as if they were children still at the age of teething. When seen at gatherings they are drowsy, and seem to pay no attention either to what they see or to what they hear (Bais, Dumaguete).
Senor P. E. de Jesus: It produces both physical and moral weakness, makes the user indifferent of his social life, brings on mental dullness, causes aphrodisia, and leads to theft and other crimes (Naval, Leyte).
Senor Juan Montenegro: One needs only to observe the physical condition of the smoker to appreciate the pernicious influence that it has upon his health; his weakness, characterized by a sickly and stupid appearance, becomes greater and greater as the vice increases its hold upon him. In regard to his social life, suffice it to say that the use of opium results in a complete forgetfulness and neglect of his work as well as of his most sacred duties, causing him to fall with the greatest indifference to ruin, shame, and dishonor, and to sacrifice the dearest affections of his family. If he is deprived of the drug at certain hours of the day or night, a depressing sensations is produced, called "guian," the effects of which are so terrible that they may lead the person to such a point of despair that he will commit robbery or other crimes (Dumaguete, Negros).
Senor V. D. Ocampo: (No answer).
Senor M. V. Palomares: It produces debility. It does not produce aphrodisia; neither does it lead to theft or other crimes (Santa Cruz).
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: The effects of opium are very bad. The opium smokers with whom I am acquainted are in very poor health. They are phthisic, chloroanemic, and generally 'end by becoming tuberculous. Its effects on the social life are debasing. Taken in small doses, it is a stimulant; taken in large doses, it is depressing and narcotic. It seldom produces insanity. It produces aphrodisia. It is commonly said that the use of opium leads to theft when necessary to secure the drug. I cannot say whether the opium vice tends to crime or not (Capiz, Capiz).
Senor I. Roxas: When carried to excess, it weakens thg individual; socially it is considered repulsive and degrading. I do not believe that it produces insanity, for we have been unable to find any cases of dementia due to the use of opium. The writer believes that opium produces aphrodisia and that it leads to theft. The latter I believe to be true, because misery is one of the principal causes that lead to theft (Corrijos, Tayabas).
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorverd: It produces an inactivity of all the faculties, physical as well as intellectual, and makes the habitue useless to society. This vice does not lead the user to commit theft and other crimes% at the most it may cause him to pilfer, in order to save his means (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor Policarpio Vatio: The effects are bad : •Drowsiness, weakness, and laziness (Malitbog, Leyte).
Senor Felipe Villasis: The effects produced on the health and social life of those addicted to this abominable vice are dreadful ; for when deprived of it, they will resort to theft and robbery in order to secure the drug (Capiz, Panay).
Senor Jose Vizmanos: It produces weakness and dullness, and when the user lacks means, it may lead to theft (Dumaguete).
Anonymous, Amblan: It is especially detrimental to the health. Absolute indifference is a characteristic of all users. It acts as a sedative in aphrodisia. The opium habitue becomes shameless, especially at the times his craving for the drug returns and he is unable to gratify it. At such times, in my opinion, the user is not far from the point where he would be influenced to commit theft or other crimes (Amblan).
Q. Is it true that the opium habitue becomes lazy and careless to such a degree as to cause the ruin of his family?
Senor Pablo Araneta: It is very true.
Senor P. S. Augustin: Yes.
Senor M. Chiyute: He becomes more or less lazy and neglects his obligations, finally going to ruin.

Senor Narciso Cordero: Yes. It is true that the habitue becomes lazy and negligent of his obligations, which he completely ignores, abandoning himself to the inconceivable delight experienced from the effects of opium.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: It is true, as I have already mentioned in detail above.
Senor Antonio Fernando: It is true, and what I have to say is contained in the preceding answer.
Senor S. Gonzalez: He becomes perfectly lazy and spends the whole day in sleep, waking only to smoke.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: It is very true that the habitue becomes lazy and careless to such a degree as to cause the ruin of his family.
Senor Juan Montenegro: Exactly what has been explained in my answer to the preceding question occurs.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Yes.
Senor M. V. Palomares: Certainly.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: Yes.
Senor I. Roxas: A real opium habitue becomes lazy and disregards his obligati on s. He becomes pale and yellow, and when unable to secure opium at any time, feels exhausted and cannot remain quiet.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: Yes.
Senor Policarpio Vatic,: It is certain that the habitue becomes lazy. Senor Felipe Villasis: It is true.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: He becomes lazy and careless, which is generally the cause of his ruin.
Anonymous, Amblan: My answer to this question is affirmative in all this word means.
Q. What influence does the use of opium have upon the birth. rate! Upon the mortality?'
Senor Pablo Araneta: Owing to the nervous and cerebral derangement, the general debility, the cerebral dejection, the indifference, etc., which opium produces, it exerts an influence in diminishing the birth rate and in increasing the mortality. Children born of parents using opium are predisposed to nervous ailments (eclampsia).
Senor P. S. Augustin: It diminishes the number of births and increases the mortality.
Senor M. Chiyuto: Nothing has been observed to prove that it has any influence on human nature. Some people are naturally strong and others are naturally weak ; other than this no difference has been observed.
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: In my opinion, it tends to decrease the birth rate and to increase the mortality; for the habitues whom I have known have not been reproductive and have aged prematurely, owing to the ailments and continual indisposition caused by the use of opium.
Senor Antonio Fernando: As I said in my previous answer, the birth rate decreases. It would also seem to have some influence on the mortality, for it is very rare to find an opium smoker who has reached the age of seventy, while at the age of forty they look like decrepits of eighty years.
Senor S. Gonzalez: It is said that habitues are sterile.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Opium habitues suffer from impotency, and their offspring is generally weak. With reference to mortality, I only know that opium habitues undergo a slow process of poisoning, and that in disease it is very difficult to treat them with the ordinary pharmaceutical preparations.
Senor Juan Montenegro: I do not know ; but I have observed that the offspring of habitues of this vice is rachitic and the birth rate low. This is undoubtedly due to the weakness of such children inherited from their parents, or to the custom the parents have of causing the children when young to inhale opium smoke when they cry or are supposed to be indisposed.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: It appears certain that it tends to decrease the birth rate.
Senor M. V. Palomares: It has no influence on the birth rate. Its influence on mortality is considerable.

Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: It seems to increase the birth rate, and the mortality as well, since infants born of opium-smoking parents are weak, chloro-anemic, rachitic, and easily susceptible to disease.
Senor I. Roxas: I do not believe that either the use or the abuse of opium exercises any influence on the diminution or the increase of the birth rate. As regards mortality, I believe that it has some influence, because last September, when cholera existed in this pueblo (Corrijos, Taybaas), we observed some who tried smoking it to protect themselves from the disease and were successful.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: It causes a decrease in the birth rate, and seems to have a great influence on the mortality.
Senor Policarpio Vatio: I do not know.
Senor 'elipe Villasis: I do not know.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: The debility which the use of opium invariably produces makes the user indifferent to his wife, which is the reason for the decrease in the number of her offspring. Her offspring is generally weak.
Anonymous, Amblan: It decreases the birth rate and increases the mortality; but its influence on the former is less than on the latter.
Q. Are the effects of opium on the different races different? Is there any truth in the statement that its effects on the Malays are any more deleterious than on the Chinese?
SenorPablo Araneta: There is no difference in its deleterious effects on the different races. The Malays, however, are more sensitive to its effects than the Chinese, because the latter are in the habit of drinking tea, which produces an  action antagonistic to opium. •
Senor P. S. Augustin: (No answer).
Senor M. Chiyuto: There is no difference between the different races in the effect that opium has on them.
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: In my observation the deleterious effects of opium are alike on the Malay and the Chinese, because the Malay acquires the same habits as the Chinese as soon as he has become addicted to the vice, and the injury resulting in each case is identical.
Senor Antonio Fernando: Experience furnishes us with data only in regard to the Chinese and the Filipinos, in the case of whom the havoc caused by opium is identical.
Senor S. Gonzales: My observation is that apparently the effects of opium are more deleterious to the Malay race than to the Mongolian, and this is owing, I believe, to the fact that the Malays use it without moderation, completely abandoning themselves to the vice and sacrificing all that is sacred to them on account of it.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Yes. It is very noxious and detrimental in the case of Malays.
Senor Juan Montenegro: Its effects on the different races are alike. Senor V. D. Ocampo: (No answer).
Senor M. V. Palomares:    Yes. It is more detrimental to the Malays, as those who use it become weak and look like living corpses.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: The effects of opium on the Malays and the Chinese are alike. Variations in the effects produced depend entirely on the quantity used.
Senor I. Roxas: I do not believe that difference in the race causes any difference in the effects of opium.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: I do not believe that there is any difference; its effects are as detrimental to the one race as to the other.
Senor Policarpio Vatio: I do not know.
Senor Felipe Villasis: I am not in a position to speak of other races, as I am not informed in regard to them. But as far as the Filipinos are concerned, my observation has been that the effects produced by opium on them are worse than those produced on the Chinese.

Senor Jose Vizmanos: It acts more rapidly in its deleterious effects on the Malays than on the Chinese.
Anonymous, Amblan: In my opinion, it is more detrimental to the Malays than to the Chinese.
Q. When the opium habit has once been acquired, is it easy to free one's self from it, or does the user become a slave to it! Do you know of any instance where the opium habit has been abandoned suddenly without any injury to health!
Senor Pablo Araneta: Once acquired, it is very difficult to abandon the habit; the user becomes a slave to it. There is no case on record where a person has suddenly abandoned the habit without detriment to his health.
Senor P. S. Augustin: It is difficult to abandon it, and the user becomes a virtual slave to the vice. I have observed no such instances.
Senor M. Chiyuto: When a person has once become addicted to the opium vice it is not easy for him to abandon it without detriment to his health, the smoker virtually becoming a slave to the vice ; although there are persons who, under great stress and through the exercise of much patience, have been able to abandon it. Those who attempt to free themselves from the habit do so by substituting pills and gradually decreasing the amount daily used.
Senor Narciso Cordero: Once acquired, it is very difficult to abandon the habit—almost impossible—and to do so requires true purpose and great will power. I have observed a few cases where persons have tried to abandon the habit, but with injury to their health, which usually consists in insomnia, loss of appetite, debility, and gastro-intestinal troubles.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: It is not easy ; for there have come under my observation several who have abandoned the vice but have been obliged to resume it a few days afterward, because, they alleged, injury resulted to their health. I know of no case where the vice has been abandoned suddenly.
Senor Antonio Fernando: The user of opium becomes a slave to the vice. I know of no one who has been successful in freeing himself from the habit.
Senor S. Gonzalez: I have known several persons who, after learning the evil effects of the vice, have tried to abandon it, but in no case, so far as I remember, was success obtained. It is my belief that the habitues become so organized through the use of this narcotic that, as time goes on, it becomes an indispensable element of their lives, in the same manner that air is to us.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: He becomes a slave to the opium habit. To enable one to give it up for any length of time it is necessary to make use of some alcoholic liquor in sufficient quantities to produce inebriation, this being a mere palliative, without which the life and the health of the victim would be seriously endangered.
Senor Juan Montenegro: I believe that when the opium habit has once been acquired it requires an extraordinary will power to abandon it. I know of no cases where persons have abandoned themselves to this vice without detriment to their health.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Once acquired, it becomes very difficult to abandon the opium habit.
Senor M. V. Palomares: It is very difficult, if not impossible. I know of no cases where the habit has been abandoned; because if the regular hour is allowed to go by the user becomes drowsy and pale-faced.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: The opium habit when once acquired, virtually enslaves the user. I know of no case in which the use of opium has been suddenly stopped without injury to the health.
Senor I. Roxas: When the opium habit has been once acquired, whether the user be moderate or excessive, it is difficult, if not impossible, to abandon it, because his entire body has become affected by it, and if he stops its use, I am informed, he becomes sick.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: It is difficult to abandon it; and not only is it true that the users become slaves to the habit, but many, as a result of not being able to obtain the necessary opium to smoke, lose their lives.
Senor Policarpio Vatio: It is not easy to abandon it, but it may be done without injury to the health. I know of some such instances.
Senor Felipe Villasis: When once acquired, I do not believe it an easy matter to abandon the opium habit. I am acquainted with a person addicted to this vice who wished to leave it off, but could not, in spite of his resolutions; he continues taking it in the form of pills.
Senor Jost Vizmanos: The opium habit, once acquired, is not easy to abandon; it generally makes slaves of the users. I know several who have had a desire to free themselves from it, but have not been successful.
Anonymous, Amblan: Once acquired, the user becomes a slave to the habit; it being very difficult to abandon the habit, any attempt to do so causing serious injury to the health, the more serious the more rapid and absolute the privation. It may even cause the death of the habitue, as has been observed in cases of Chinese and Malays.
Q. Is it your opinion that those addicted to the use of opium as a rule use it with such moderation that no evil results follow! Can you mention any cases of opium smokers who have practiced the vice for any considerable length of time without showing any evil effects?
Senor Pablo Araneta: Once acquired, I do not believe that the use of opium is continued with moderation. No cases are on record where the users have been free from the evil consequences of the vice; all in time suffer the pernicious effects.
Senor P. S. Augustin: No. Because the habitue constantly increases the dose, if he has the money necessary for doing so. I know of no such cases.
Senor M. Chiyuto: Generally the amount of opium used depends upon the means of the user. The rich use it as a means of distraction and pastime, offering it to guests making social calls.
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: In the use of opium I do not believe that there is any moderation; but if there is, it is owing to the pecuniary circumstances of the victim; for in my observation those who use it become slaves to it. I know of no case where the user has been free from the evil consequences of the drug. Of four inveterate opium smokers whom I knew, two have already died, and the survivors are sickly and rachitic.
Senor Antonio Fernando: As a rule opium smokers require more and more of the drug every day; those who continue with moderation are rare. As a result the habitues never live long.
Senor S. Gonzales: In the opium vice, as in all others, the habitue does not observe moderation; for, in my opinion, the more he uses of the drug the stronger becomes his craving for it. This is what smokers have informed me.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: I know of no such case; on the contrary, the user smokes to satiety, making his family liable to ruin.
Senor Juan Montenegro: It is to be noted that some time after the habit has been acquired the customary dose of opium does not satisfy the smoker, who must continually increase it; so that for this reason a moderate use of opium is not posible.• All of the users of opium with whom I am acquainted suffer the pernicious effects of the vice. •
Senor V. D. Ocampo: At the beginning it may be taken with moderation ; but afterwards, no.
Senor M. V. Palomares: The vice is always pernicious. I know of no case where the habitue has been free from the evil consequences of the use of opium.
Senor Paulin() Quisumbuig: If used with moderation, I do not believe that opium proves especially pernicious, the less so if taken as a sedative in the cure of disease. Nevertheless, I wish to call attention to the fact that morphomaniacs, when once accustomed to the use of morphine, suffer the same effects as those who take the drug by smoking or in the form of pills.
Senor 1. Roxas: As I have already observed, the use of opium is pernicious to the health and the social life of the users.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: No. On the contrary, the more inveterate the smoker becomes in the habit, the larger must be the quantity of opium that he takes.
Senor Policarpio Vario: I do not believe it is employed with moderation; on the contrary, the tendency is to increase its use. It is always pernicious.
Senor Felipe Villasis: Almost all users begin with moderation, but end with excess, if their means permit it. This is the reason why the vice becomes so pernicious in the larger number of cases.

Senor Jose Vizmanos: They generally begin with moderation, but as time passes the dose is gradually increased, until it becomes pernicious. I know of no smoker who has continued to use opium with moderation.
Anonymous, Amblan: The longer the vice is continued the larger becomes the dose of opium used. It is for this reason that its results are so pernicious.
Q. In your opinion, which is the more pernicious in its effects on the victim, the alcohol vice or the opium vice?
Senor Pablo Araneta: On the whole, judging from its effects on the organism, I am of the opinion that alcohol is the more disastrous, not only to health but to society as well. But as far as the two vices at present affect the Philippines, the opium vice is worse than that of alcohol, as the latter is not yet very extensive.
Senor P. S. Augustin: The opium vice.
Senor M. Chiyuto: There is no doubt that the alcohol vice is more pernicious to the health than the opium vice, and socially they are alike vicious, disreputable, and brutal.
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: If the alcohol vice is more pernicious to health and to society by reason of the scandals and crimes to which it leads, in my opinion the opium vice does not come far behind it, because, like the first, it affects health and society, making its victims lazy, and in certain cases dangerous to property. So that the results are especially bad, if not more so than those of alcohol, in that they cause a decrease in the birth rate.
Senor Antonio Fernando: Opium is more detrimental than alcohol, both to the health and to the social life; for there are many alcohol drinkers who are moderate and enjoy long life.
Senor S. Gonzalez: Both the vices are bad, but I would rather see a drunkard than an opium smoker.
' Senor F. E. de Jesus: Both the vices are pernicious; for the one, the opium vice, leads to physical and moral enervation, to laziness, and to theft; while the other, that of alcohol, leads to crime and all its manifestations.
Senor Juan Montenegro: I believe the opium vice to be in all ways the more pernicious of the two.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: In my opinion, the opium vice is more pernicious to the health than that of alcohol.
Senor M. V. Palomares: The opium vice.
Senor •Paulino Quisumbuig: The effects produced on the health and the social life by both opium and alcohol are very pernicious; but the opium vice is the worse.
Senor I. Roxas: There is no doubt that the alcohol vice is more pernicious to the health than the opium vice; and socially they are alike vicious, disreputable, and brutal.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: Opium is the more pernicious, both to the health and to the social life.
Senor Policarpio Vano: In my opinion, opium is more pernicious in its effects than alcohol.
Senor Felipe Villasis: In my judgment, the alcohol vice and the opium vice are both pernicious, but the latter more so than the former.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: It is my opinion that the opium vice is more pernicious to the social life than the alcohol vice, or than any of the other vices to which man is addicted.
Anonymous, Amblan: In my opinion, the opium vice is worse than the alcohol vice, both on the health and on the social life.
Q. Is there any foundation for the statement that a person, on abandoning the opium vice, will acquire in its place the alcohol vice or some other of a worse nature?
Senor Pablo Araneta: This statement is not correct. A person addicted to the opium vice may acquire any other vice, in the same way as a person not addicted to the former.

Senor P. S. Augustin: I have observed that those who are addicted to the opium vice are at the same time addicted to others such as gambling, cock-fighting, etc.
Senor M. Chiyuto: The opium smoker does not care for alcohol—that is, among the Chinese.
Senor Narciso .Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: I think not, for the alcohol vice is the companion of the opium vice, although only to a small degree. I know of no one addicted to the use of alcohol who at the same time uses opium.
Senor Antonio Fernando: I cannot answer this question, since, as I have already stated, I know of no one who has abandoned the opium habit.
Senor S. Gonzalez: (No answer).
Senor F. E. de Jesus: It depends upon the methods adopted by the government and the enthusiasm of the officials.
Senor Juan Montenegro: I do not know, neither do I see upon what such a statement is based.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Nothing of this kind has come under my observation, but it is usually said that 7b per cent of opium habitues are addicted to the use of alcohol.
Senor M. V. Palomares: It is without foundation.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: I do not know of any Filipinos using opium who are not at the same time addicted to the use of alcohol. It appears to me that one vice cannot exist without the other, with very rare exceptions.
Senor I. Roxas: I can say nothing in this connection.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: It is without foundation because, as I have already said, opium smokers are always weak and rachitic. Some, it is true, take alcohol to give them strength, but not as the result of abandoning the use of opium.
Senor Policarpio Vario: I believe this statement to be without foundation.
Senor Felipe Villasis: I cannot say with certainty, but I am inclined to believe that to be the case.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: I do not believe that any other vice can be acquired in the place of opium, because the latter becomes so rooted in the organism that its victim carries it with him until death.
Anonymous, Amblan: My opinion on this point is not in the affirmative, for a user of opium may at the same time acquire the other vice referred to, as is known to have happened, and he may gradually leave off both the vices, without at the same time acquiring another of a worse nature; especially is this so in the case of opium. However, I do not wish to be explicit in this matter.
Q. What, in your opinion, is the reason why Europeans are but slightly addicted to the use of opium?
Senor Pablo Araneta: I believe that the Europeans are addicted to its use as much as any other mortals; no people are exempt from all vice. The reason why fewer Europeans are opium habitues is that the center of production of opium is farther removed from them than from us.
Senor P. S. Augustin: (No answer).
Senor M. Chiyuto: I can give no definite information in this regard, because the larger part of the Europeans in this province are employed and have but little intercourse with the Chinese, who are the ones that smoke opium.
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: Through contact and friction with the Chinese, and on account of the culture and education of the majority.
Senor Antonio Fernando: Not only the Europeans, but the cultured Filipinos as well, are but slightly addicted to the vice, as I have already stated; but the Europeans have the advantage of having been reared in a different atmosphere, opposed to the opium vice.
Senor S. Gonzalez: (No answer).    •
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Their slight intercourse with the Chinese, and the wide difference between their customs and those of the latter.
Senor Juan Montenegro: Their slight contact with the Asiatic race (Chinese).
Senor V. D. Ocampo: (No answer).
Senor M. V. Palomares: (No answer).
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: If you refer to the use of opium by smoking, it is true that they are but little addicted to this practice; but as far as the use of opium in the form of morphia is concerned, I believe the statement to be without foundation, for you need only to look around you to find European morphomaniacs.
Senor I. Roxas: Seeing that the use of opium stupefies the user, Europeans have not abandoned themselves to the habit.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: The reason is that Europeans understand the pernicious effects of opium, and also that the alcohol vice is more general among them.
Senor Policarpio Vano: I believe that the reason why Europeans are but slightly addicted to the use of opium is that they have a natural repugnance for it and understand its evil effects.
Senor Felipe Villasis: I can give no reasons.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: Because they are better educated and able to judge between good and bad.
Anonymous, Ambkin: It is because of the reserved nature of their intercourse with the Chinese, who are the most addicted to the vice.
Q. For what reason is the use of opium generally begun? Is it true that its use is generally commenced by taking it for medicinal purposes? Is there any truth in the popular belief prevalent in India to the effect that opium prevents malaria, cures rheumatism, relieves fatigue, and dulls the sense of hunger? Is the vice acquired by contagion or imitation!'
Senor Pablo Araneta: Continuous and intimate association or intercourse with the Chinese. It is not true that the majority of habitues acquire the vice by beginning the use of opium for medicinal purposes; but there are cases in which it has been acquired by taking the drug to cure some disease. It does not prevent malaria, but its hypnotic and sedative effects relieve fatigue and rheumatism and dull the sense of hunger. The habit is in the larger number of cases acquired by imitation, and sometimes through listening to the advice of its victims, who recommend it for the cure of gastralgia, fatigue, rheumatism, and other diseases in which pain is the principal symptom.
Senor P. S. Augustin: Sometimes by prescription, and other times by imitation.
Senor. M .Chiyuto: The ways in which the opium vice is contracted are (i) by constant intercourse with the Chinese and (2) by the use of the drug for medicinal purposes in some disease.
Sefior Narciso Cordero: It is true that in some cases the opium habit is acquired by beginning the use of the drug as a medicine. I have observed one such case in the Hospital of San Juan de Dios, where a person suffering from almost chronic gastralgia was given morphine to lessen his pain. It is true that opium relieves fatigue and rheumatism and dulls the pangs of hunger. Among the natives the vice is generally acquired by imitation, on the part of the idle and lazy persons curious to try everything.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: It is generally owing to ignorance, as it is believed that opium is an infallible medicine for all kinds of disease—a belief inculcated by the Chinese. I know opium smokers who have suffered from malaria in the same manner as non-smokers. I have seen no case in which fatigue has been relieved or rheumatism cured. It may be that opium allays the pangs of hunger, in that the habitue after smoking it goes to sleep, and not because of any special virtue inherent in opium. The opium habit is acquired by imitation or contagion, and in some cases as a result of beginning its use for medicinal purposes.
Senor Antonio Fernando: In some cases the vice has been contracted by beginning to smoke opium as a medicine, but in most cases through familiar intercourse with the Chinese. It is possible that opium may act as a sedative in certain diseases, for some of these are combatted by administering large doses of the drug in order to produce a narcotic effect on the organism. It is in this way that opium may be said to dull the pangs of hunger.
Senor S. Gonzalez: The principal reason why the opium vice is acquired may be attributed to the unceasing energy of the Chinese in spreading it. I have had occasion to see and to know certain of them who were accustomed to distributing opium gratis to novices, who, they were certain, would in time become their largest consumers. Even Filipino habitues are encouraging the spread of the vice to their own profit, but to the injury of the many. Quack doctors and healers greatly encourage its spread, because they themselves are generally opium smokers and consider it as a panacea, but especially in that it is profitable to them, since it is an indispensable condition that the healer shall smoke opium at the expense of his patient.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: As a result of the erroneous belief that it is a medicine which cures all diseases, as well as through imitation and the influence of those addicted to the vice. There is no proof to show that opium is a preventive of malaria or that it relieves fatigue or rheumatism.
Senor Juan Montenegro: In the Philippines this vice is regularly acquired through the influence of the Chinese, who for selfish and lucrative ends encourage its spread.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: I believe that the opium habit is generally acquired by imitation.
Senor M. V. Palomares: It is acquired simply by imitation. There is no truth in the belief that it prevents malaria, cures rheumatism, relieves fatigue or dulls the sense of hunger.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: The opium habit is contracted by imitation through the wiles and deceptions practiced by the Chinese in their efforts to sell their goods, or as the result of beginning its use for the purpose of curing certain diseases, or because of the soothing and narcotic effects of opium, which make the user oblivious to pain and sadness.
Senor I. Roxas: There are no Filipinos in this municipality addicted to the opium vice. In places where they have acquired the vice they have done so by taking it as a sedative in certain diseases. The opium habit, according to information furnished by the Chinese, is acquired by smoking the drug and at the same time swallowing the saliva.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: There are many reasons that may be given: (I) For medicinal purposes; (2) because it is supposed to cure all kinds of disease; (3) because of pride, which makes a person wish to spend as much money as others who are smoking opium; (4) by imitation, and (5) by reason of friendships of such a nature that one cannot refuse a person when he offers him opium to smoke.
Senor Policarpio Vaiio: The opium habit is generally contracted by smoking the drug for medicinal purposes, as it is a sedative in some diseases; but I do not believe that it is curative in any case.
Senor Felipe Villasis: It is true that some have smoked opium, hoping by that means to obtain relief from certain diseases with which they are suffering; others have begun its use by imitation.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: It is begun in various ways, sometimes through constant contact with the Chinese, and at other times because natives addicted to the opium vice advise their friends to smoke it in order to make them insusceptible to disease. When a person has smoked opium for nine days it becomes a habit, for the reason that when the regular hour for smoking arrives, if he does not smoke, he suffers from a state of indisposition known by the name of "guian."
Anonymous, Amblan: It is acquired rather by contagion than by imitation. Speaking of its effects, I am not of the opinion that it is taken as a curative for the diseases mentioned in the question, and if it is, the inducement to use it lies rather in its vicious character than in its supposed curative effects ; barring what may be true in India.
Q. Does a sentiment of repugnance for the vice exist in your pueblo? Is this sentiment general?
Senor Pablo Araneta: A sentiment of repugnance for the vice exists among oo per cent of the people in the pueblos where opium is smoked; and in those free from the vice the proportion must be larger (Iloilo, Iloilo).
Senor P. S. Augustin: Yes. Very general. All who do not smoke opium have a feeling of repugnance for the vice (Tayabas).
Senor M. Chiyuto: I have not observed that any sentiment of repugnance for the vice exists in this pueblo (Capiz, Capiz). This is proved by the fact that there are Filipinos here who take turns with the Chinese in smoking from the same pipe.

Senor Narciso Cordero: Yes. A sentiment of repugnance for this vice exists among the people of this pueblo (Pagsanjan, Laguna).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: This sentiment exists among 999 out of every i,000 inhabitants (of Lucban).
Senor Antonio Fernando: My answer to this question has been made already. The cultured class is the only one which detests the opium vice, as it understands the effects of opium. The rest of the people are indifferent ; although it is certain that there is a tendency toward the vice among them, owing to the incentive which everything unknown offers, and with the hope of finding, as their friends make them believe, pleasure and a palliative for their ailments (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor S. Gonzalez: All who are so fortunate as to be free from this abominable vice look upon it with repugnance, and I believe that a similar sentiment exists among the habitues themselves (Bais, Dumaguete).
Senor F. E. de Jesus: A sentiment of repugnance for the vice exists among 75 per cent of the people (in Naval, Leyte).
Senor Juan Montenegro: I cannot say exactly to what extent this sentiment is prevalent among the people, but it may be said with safety that the larger part of the cultured class consider this vice as disastrous.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Yes. Among 99 per cent of the population (of Bifian, Laguna).
Senor M. V. Palomares: That sentiment is general (in Santa Cruz). Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: The sentiment of repugnance for this vice is rather general (in Capiz, Capiz).
Senor I. Roxas: In this pueblo (Corrijos, Marinduque, Tayabas) there is a general sentiment of repugnance for the vice.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: Yes. Among all but 0.696 per cent of the population (Surigao, Surigao).
Senor Policarpio Vario: A sentiment of repugnance for the vice exists among the larger part of the inhabitants of this pueblo (Malitbog, Leyte).
Senor Felipe Villasis: This sentiment is almost universal; it may be said among too per cent of the people, with exceedingly rare exceptions.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: A sentiment of repugnance for the opium vice is common to about 20 per cent of the people of this pueblo (Dumaguete).
Anonymous, Amblan: I believe that the repugnance for this vice is greater than the fondness for it, and as to the relative prevalence of these two senti- ments, some deduction might be drawn from the figures I have given in my answers to the second and third questions.
Q. Do you believe that the Spanish law, providing for the farming out of opium and its unrestricted sale to the Chinese, tended to extend the opium habit among the Filipinos?
Senor Pablo Araneta: Yes.
Senor P. S. Augustin: Yes. It spread the vice.
Senor M. Chiyuto: Under the Spanish law, providing for the farming out of opium, smugglers encountered a great many obstacles; nevertheless, clandestine traffic in the drug and tolerance on the part of the government contributed to an extension of the vice.
Senor Narciso Cordero: Yes; because at that time there was no special law prohibiting the Filipinos from using the drug in the same manner as the Chinese. This is the reason for the ease with which the Filipinos acquired the habit, either by imitation or through curiosity, as stated above.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: I believe so, because it is the Chinese that then spread and are now spreading the opium vice. Under the Spanish regime they had the sole right of monopoly for the sale of opium, while its use was prohibited to the Filipinos.
Senor Antonio Fernando: The Spanish system of farming out did not spread the vice; and if the large revenue derived had been employed in regulating and punishing the vice, the number of victims among the Chinese and Filipinos would have been reduced.
Senor S. Gonzalez: During the Spanish regime the use of opium among the Filipinos was punished with severe penalties: that is the reason why less opium was smoked then than now (among the Filipinos).
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Yes.
Senor Juan Montenegro: I believe so.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Yes.
Senor M. V. Palomares: No.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: There is no doubt whatever that the legislation of the Spanish government tended to spread the vice among the Filipinos. Senor I. Roxas: Yes.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: Yes.
Senor Policarpio Vano: I believe that tolerance on the part of the authorities caused a spread of the vice among the Filipinos.
Senor Felipe Villasis: I believe so.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: I believe that to be the reason why the opium habit has become so general among the Filipinos.
Anonymous, Amblan: I believe that there is no doubt that the system of farming out the drug and permitting its unrestricted use among the Chinese tended at the same time to spread the habit among the Filipinos.
Q. During the American regime, and in the absence of any legislation upon the subject, has there been any increase in the use of opium?
Senor Pablo Araneta: Yes.
Senor P. S. Augustin: No. There are no new smokers. Those who now smoke began to do so in Spanish times.
Senor M. Chiyuto: During the American regime I believe that there has been some increase in the use of opium.
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer).
Senor Silverio Eleazar: The opium vice has increased somewhat among the Filipinos (in Lucban), since formerly only three smokers were known, whereas there are now more than ten persons who smoke it.
Senor Antonio Fernando: I answer in the affirmative; for under the Spanish law a Filipino who smoked opium was punished; whereas, since the cessation of the Spanish regime there being no fear of punishment, the vice has become easy and general.
Senor S. Gonzalez: During the American regime I believe that the number of habitues has multiplied in such a manner that, if a law absolutely prohibiting the use of opium among the Filipinos is not passed we shall soon have to lament the dire consequences 'of our failure to do so. At the present time there are in this province pueblos among whose prominent inhabitants it is impossible to find any one eligible to a municipal office, since they are 01 opium habitues and incapacitated through lack of moral and physical energy (Bais, Dumaguete).
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Yes.
Senor Juan Montenegro: I believe so.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Yes.
Senor M. V. Palomares: No. The same as before.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: As a result of the absence of any legislation upon the subject during the American regime, there has been a slight increase in the use of opium, and were it not for the poverty that exists throughout the islands, the vice would have increased very much more extensively.
Senor I. Roxas: During the American regime I believe that there has been some increase in the use of opium.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: It has neither increased nor diminished.
Senor Policarpio Vano: To my knowledge no increase in the use of opium among the Filipinos has occurred during the present regime.
Sector Felipe Villasis: If the present status be allowed to continue—that is, if no laws regulating the opium traffic should be put into effect—an increase in the use of opium among the Filipinos resident in this municipality (Capiz, Panay) is likely. The fact that, fortunately, this is not yet the case is due to the poverty that prevails here.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: The fact that opium is no longer farmed out has cheapened the price, which accounts for the increase in the vice among the natives.
Anonymous, Amblan: If I am not mistaken, I believe that there has been a diminution rather than an increase in the use of opium among the Filipinos. I attribute that fact to the growth of culture that is taking place in our country.
Q. In the suppression of the vice, do you believe absolute prohibition, without distinction of races and with severe penalties for the violators, to be practicable?
Senor Pablo Araneta: I believe that the use of opium should be permitted only to the Chinese, making them pay high licenses for the privilege. Its use should be absolutely prohibited to Filipinos, if possible, with severe penalties to the violators; permitting its use, however, to those enslaved to the habit in return for the payment of high licenses.
Senor P. S. Augustin: No.
Senor M. Chiyuto: I believe it would be difficult to put into effect absolute prohibition with severe penalties for the violators, since our jails would soon be full of indigent opium smokers, as the proportion of habitues among the poor is much larger than it is among the rich.
Senor Narciso Cordero: In the extinction of this social vice,•I believe absolute prohibition, without distinction of races and with severe penalties for the violators, to be practicable. In order to obtain good results in practice, I believe it necessary to exert all possible energy toward the prevention of fraud and smuggling.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: I do not believe that it would be practicable, because extreme measures are apt to produce counteractive results.
Senor Antonio Fernando: There are social vices, such as smoking opium, in which prohibition is possible, speaking of those who do not yet smoke; but with other vices, such as prostitution, which are necessary evils, absolute prohibition would only tend to aggravate the evil.
Senor S. Gonzalez: In the extinction of an evil which is menacing us so greatly, an evil worse than cholera itself, I am of the opinion that the only efficacious remedy is ABSOLUTE PROHIBITION. It matters not that a few hundred may be killed as a result, for in return we shall overcome an evil that threatens to destroy the majority of the Filipino people. Furthermore, every habitue should be prohibited from holding any official office, for two reasons : first, he would riot be able to discharge his duty properly, owing to the state of stupefaction in which opium leaves him ; and, secondl', because such a prohibition would serve as an incentive for many in trying to abandon the habit and remove their shame.
Senor F. E. de Jesus: Yes. It should be prohibited absolutely with severe penalties for the violators and without distinction of races.
Senor Juan Montenegro: Not only do I believe such a measure practicable and expedient, but I am also of the opinion that it should be put into effect at once as the only method by which the liberation of the people from this vice may be expected.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: Yes.
Senor M. V. Palomares: Yes. It is wise and reasonable to prohibit.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: The government should be very cautious in legislating upon the opium question, for to prohibit the use of the drug suddenly would be injurious to the health of those addicted to the vice. If prohibition can be enforced among the Filipinos it will be desirable, and heavy penalties should be placed on the violation of the law.
Senor I. Roxas: In the suppression of this vice, I believe that a system of absolute prohibition with severe penalties for the violators is practicable. Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: Yes.
Senor Policarpio Vatio: Absolute prohibition of the use of opium, without distinction of races, would be a very violent measure for those already addicted to the vice; nevertheless, it is practicable and expedient.
Senor Felipe Villasis: I believe absolute prohibition of the use of opium, at least among the Filipinos, to be expedient, and at the same time heavy penalties should be placed upon the violators.

Senor Jose Vizmanos: I do not • believe absolute prohibition to be practicable. I believe that any such measure would kill itself.
Anonymous, Amblan: In my opinion it would be a very prudent measure to put into effect a gradual prohibition, allowing a certain period for the complete extinction of the vice and imposing severe penalties upon the violators.
Q. If not, do you believe that, in the extinction of this social vice, a system of gradual suppression would be preferable, charging a high rate for licenses granted to adult Chinese and Filipinos who are known to be slaves of the habit?
Senor Pablo Araneta: Heavy fees should be charged for licenses granted to the Chinese, and much heavier ones for those granted to Filipinos known to be slaves of the vice.
Senor P. S. Augustin: Yes.
Senor M. Chiyuto: I believe it would be expedient to impose heavy and graduated license fees upon persons known to be smokers, as well as upon persons authorized to import or sell opium, and to appoint special agents whose duty it shall be to apprehend the violators. These agents should receive generous remunerations, commensurate with their responsibilities, in order to induce them faithfully to fulfill their trust.
Senor Narciso Cordero: (No answer.)
Senor Silverio Eleazar: A system of gradual suppression, together with penalties and restrictions, is preferable in the extinction of the vice.
Senor Antonio Fernando: It would be preferable to regulate the opium vice, establishing public fumatories, with licenses to be graded in price according to the number of customers. Licenses for smoking in private should be restricted by making the fee for them high ; since there is danger that others might be initiated into the vice, owing to the difficulty of inspecting private houses. A person wishing to commence the use of opium should be granted a license, but the fee should be made higher than in other cases, so also should the fine imposed for violation of the law be increased and the punishment made more rigorous.. For this purpose it would be necessary to keep a register of all smokers, issuing to each one thus registered the proper license with his photograph attached to the reverse side.
Senor S. Gonzalez: (No answer.)
Senor F. E. de Jesus: I am of the opinion that no licenses should be gra'nted to persons known to be slaves of the vice, unless it be for a limited period sufficient to enable them to stop the use of opium.
Senor Juan Montenegro: (See preceding answer.)
Senor V. D. Ocampo: (No answer.)
Senor M. V. Palomares: See my preceding answer.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: Yes. I believe it preferable to impose heavy penalties on the violators of the law who have no licenses.
Senor I. Roxas: I do not believe a system of gradual suppression, under which heavy license fees are to be collected from the slaves of the habit, to be preferable.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando).
Senor Benito Sorvera: With a system of gradual suppression there would always be opium smokers and we should never extinguish this pernicious vice.
Senor Policarpio Vatio: I believe that the preference should be given to a system of gradual suppression, with strict vigilance and severe penalties for those who illegally practice the vice.
Senor Felipe Villasis: With reference to the Chinese, yes; but as far as the Filipinos are concerned, I hold to the answer made to the preceding question.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: I believe a system of imposing heavy license fees upon those addicted to the dice to be preferable. This measure would restrain the majority of the people from' abandoning themselves to the vice.
Anonymous, Amblan: I do not believe the system of licensing to be feasible. In any case, in order not to confuse the victims, allow a certain period during which the vice may be practiced without restriction, with a view to its final extinction.

Q. Have you any other suggestions to make in regard to the subject with which these questions are connected?
Senor Pablo Araneta: (No answer.)
Senor P. S. Augustin: (No answer.)
Senor M. Chiyuto: (No answer.)
Senor Narciso Cordero: In order to assure the complete success of the repressive measure to be adopted for the purpose of extinguishing this vice in the Philippines, I believe that the first step taken should be to introduce this article (opium) into the customs tariff.
Senor Silverio Eleazar: It should be noted that the license fees charged for smoking opium in the public fumatories, as well as the higher license fees imposed for the privilege of smoking in private, owing to the greater comfort and luxury of the latter, would accrue to the benefit of the municipal funds; these fees should not be understood to prejudice the imposition of similar fees upon the business of selling opium. In this manner the price of opium would be increased, and the force of circumstances would diminish the extent of the vice.
Senor Antonio Fernando: I understand that the entire revenue derived from opium is to be devoted to the suppression of this vice by means of a strict vigilance, until the object has been accomplished as far as possible. I also understand that the opium habit as well as drunkenness will be sufficient reason for excluding a person from municipal positions and other official appointments.
Senor S. Gonzalez: (No answer.)
Senor F. E. de Jesus: No.
Senor Juan Montenegro: None.
Senor V. D. Ocampo: (No answer.)
Senor M. V. Palomares: No.
Senor Paulino Quisumbuig: Our rulers should look upon this social vice, which unfortunately is continually spreading among the Filipinos, as a matter of vital interest.
Senor I. Roxas: I have no sugguestions to make in regard to the subject with which these questions are connected.
Senor Hugo Salazar: (See Antonio Fernando.)
Senor Benito Sorvera: No.
Senor Policarpio Vaiio: The extent to which the use of opium among the people in this pueblo exists could not be determined with accuracy, as it was impossible to find out the exact number of those who smoke, for the reason that, when the municipal authorities begin to make an investigation, the habitues conceal themselves; so that in my answer the approximate number of those who smoke, both known and unknown, has been given.
Senor Felipe Villasis: None.
Senor Jose Vizmanos: I am of the opinion that, if the system of licensing is put into effect, a place should be set apart outside the village, where it should be obligatory on all persons desiring to smoke opium to go, each person taking with him his license or certificate in order to facilitate inspection. It should be absolutely prohibited to smoke opium inside the city or village, under penalty of heavy fines for the violators; because houses in which opium is smoked are a great source of annoyance to the neighboring houses as well as to passers-by, since the surrounding atmosphere becomes impregnated with the repugnant odor of opium. With such measures in force, I believe that both Chinese and Filipinos would try to free themselves from the vice.
Anonymous, Amblan: What should be done, in my opinion, in order to diminish the opium vice, is to exclude opium from the list of importable articles under the customs regulations of the Philippine Archipelago, that is, of course, if the interests of the insular treasury or foreign commerce are in nowise injured thereby.

INTERVIEW BY THE COMMITTEE, FEBRUARY 29, 1904, WITH MR.    , A CHINESE

MERCHANT RESIDING IN THE CITY Or MANILA, DR. TEE HAN KEE INTERPRETING.

Q. What percentage of the Chinese in Manila use opium? A. I believe it to be about 20 per cent.

Q. Is it used by Chinese women or children?
A. It is never used by children. Very few women use it.
Q. Is opium used by all classes of society, by the wealthy as well as by the poor?
A. Yes, by all classes.
Q. What is the feeling among the Chinese here in regard to the use of opium?
A. Most of the Chinese here despise its use, although they continue to take it.
Q. The Chinese merchants have discussed this matter among themselves. What would they suggest as the best method for checking the use of opium?
A. Most of the Chinese favor prohibition. Of course, the government will find some way for putting prohibition into effect, by erecting hospitals for the treatment of opium smokers. Prohibition could not be put into effect at once; it would require a number of years.
Q. In case of prohibition, how long a time would it be advisable to allow before putting it into effect?
A. I believe that about ten years should be allowed.
Q. In case prohibition is to be put into effect, why do you think so many years necessary?
A. Because opium smokers cannot stop the use of the drug at once. There are some who are in good health who may be able to do so, but most of them would have to decrease its use gradually.
Q. If hospitals for the treatment of opium smokers were established, would you consider ten years to be necessary?
A. If the government compelled all opium habitues to enter these hospitals for treatment, then ten years would not be needed. It is doubtful whether very many Chinese would go into the hospitals voluntarily. In case they would do so, then from four weeks to two months would be sufficient to stop the practice.
Q. In whose hands do you think the regulation of the opium traffic should be put, into the hands of the government or those of private individuals?
A. Better into the hands of the government.
Q. You say that ten years must be allowed before prohibition should be put into effect. In this connection, I wish to ask how long Chinese generally remain in the Philippine Islands before returning to China.
A. It is not certain.
Q. Do they stay here all the time?
A. They generally go back to China after remaining here two or three years, and then return to the Philippines.
Q. What proportion of the 20 per cent who use opium use it moderately?
A. Everybody uses it to excess. What may be too much for one may be too little for another. There is no such thing as a moderate use of opium, because the amount used has to be increased all the time. The longer a person smokes opium the more of it he has to use.
Q. Is this gentleman a Christian?
A. (By Dr. Tee Han Kee): He is not a Christian; he is not connected with any church.
Q. Do Christian Chinese smoke opium?
A. Christians are not allowed to use opium in China. Here in Manila some Christians may smoke. Of course, there are two kinds of Christians, Catholics and Protestants.
Q. In case of prohibition, what should be done with the opium now in possession of Chinese merchants?
A. The good American government will certainly do something that will be right. I am not an opium seller.
Q. There are Chinese merchants in Manila who have in their possession opium. In case of prohibition, what should be done with it? Shall the government buy it, and if so, at what rate?
A. Certainly. The government would have to buy it.
Q. At what rate?
A. That would depend upon the government.
Q. How many merchants are interested in the exploitation of opium here?

A. I believe there are between ten and fifteen importers and wholesale dealers here. Retail dealers are very numerous.
Q. Is opium prescribed by Chinese physicians as a medicine?
A. (B Dr. Tee Han Kee): Doctors prescribe it very seldom. It is used as a family medicine. If a member if a family, a sister a brother, or an uncle, is suffering from anything, he is told to take a pip of opium. It is rather a family medicine than one prescribed by physicians.
Q. Ha this gentleman a representative character?
A. (B Dr. Tee Han Kee): He came here simply at the request of Major Carter. H has a great many friends, who have b discussing this question with him and have told him to speak for them.
Q. W    you kindly ask him to what extent he is representative of his
fellow countrymen?
A. (By Dr. Tee Han Kee): He cannot say ; but there are a great many who agree with him. There are some who prefer high tariff and others who prefer prohibition.
Q. Are you acquainted with the laws of Formosa?
A. No.
Q. Have you anything else that you would like to speak to us about?
A. I wish to request that, whatever law is enacted, no monopoly should be
given to the Chinese. I also wish that the government may find some means for
stopping the use of opium. If this can be done, I shall be very glad.

Note The report shows no opium used in the following named pueblos, having a total population of 23,577: Anini-y (4,330, Carit-an (3,317), Dap (8,279), Egafia (3,101), and San Remigio (4,324).
In transmitting his report, the President of the Provincial Board of Health says :
"The number of persons given in this report is the result of my personal investigations, as well as of the data furnished by the various municipal presidents and presidents of the municipal boards of health.
"I wish to state that the persons who appear in the report are addicted to the use of opium and that the Filipinos who smoke it belong to the middle class, so that they cannot consume very large quantities of the drug, owing to their impoverished economic condition.
"According to my personal observations, the most notable effects produced by opium on the organisms of those who use it are: A slow intoxication, which manifests itself by a yellowness of the skin, dullness of the memory, incapacity for all kinds of intellectual and physical work ; slowness of nutrition, anorexia, which, together with the progressive advance of denutrition, produces emaciation; and constipation, due to a lack of tone in the intestines. When the hour for smoking arrives, and the habitue is unable to secure it, he becomes afflicted with moral and physical depression, remains mute and quiet, has a tendency toward morbidness, or reaches a condition of imbecility. While in this stage, the opium smoker ipelled by a most vehement desire to satisfy his craving for opium, is capable of going to the extreme of selling the honor of his family—a thing which unfortunately has already been observed in a number of cases—in order to obtain a few ounces of the drug with which to quench the impulses of the vice, vThich, unhappily, sometimes force the victims to the commission of crime.
"Fortunately, in this province no case of insanity or crime due to the effects of opium intoxication has yet been observed; but what has been found to be true is that a person addicted to this drug becomes lazy—a laziness which predisposes him to the acquirement of other vices, such as card playing, cock fighting, etc., and even to a neglect of his person, his slovenliness and carelessness making him repugnant to society. And, owing undoubtedly to the organic degeneration and moral debasement produced by the intoxication of the drug, he neglects his interests and entrusts them to mercenary persons, strangers to his family, who frequently exploit him most ungraciously, thus leading in a slow manner—gradual but certain—to the ruin of his family. Cases like this are, sad to say, numerous in the Philippines, and affect families which at one time were the most comfortable in their pueblo, but which, owing to the detestable vice of opium, are now on the verge of the most shameful misery and indigence.
"When the opium vice has once been acquired, I believe it difficult to abandon, the habitue becoming a virtual slave to it. There exists no remedy to enable him to abandon the degrading practice, and he finally reaches moral and social degradation.
"As a result of my observations, I also find that the Filipinos in this province who have acquired the vice of smoking opium have done so through the influence of the Chinese, who, with the object of accumulating more lucre from the business
of opium selling, invite the Filipinos to smoke opium in order to free themselves • from various sickneses, among them headache, all kinds of colics, etc.; and the unsophisticated Filipinos begin by trying to smoke, attracted by the alluring prom-
ises of the Chinese, who assure them that they will soon be free from their ailments. Furthermore, the Chinese, in order that the Filipinos may become habituated to the vice, in the begihning give them opium gratuitously, and later, as soon as they have become its victims, the Chinese, of course, in order to compensate themselves for their loss, charge the Filipinos unscrupulous prices for the drug. In this manner the Chinese in this province have secured a large number of consumers and, with the object of increasing it, are propagating the vice in the various municipalities of the province."

Note—The report shows no opium used in the following named pueblos, having a total population of 29,729: Bagac (1,325), Balanga (7,3.58), Hermosa (1,845), Mabatan (2,057), Moron (1,909), Orion (7,202), Pilar (3,445), and Sacral (4,t88).
In transmitting his report, the President of the Provincial Board of Health says :
"As will be seen from the report, the number in this province who use opium is very small, owing, in my opinion, to the following causes: