Footnotes

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Footnotes

1. Office of National Drug Control Policy, Breaking the Cycle of Drug Abuse: 1993 Interim National Drug Control Strategy (September, 1993): pp. 1 -3.

2. Includes treatment provided by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration and National Institute on Drug Abuse. Excludes other Federal agencies providing substance abuse treatment. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy (February 1995): p 143.

3. Peter Reuter and Jonathan Caulkins, "Redefining the Goals of National Drug Policy: Recommendations from a Working Group," American Journal of Public Health, v. 85, No. 8 (August 1995): p. 1060.

4. Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, Great Transitions: Preparing Adolescents for a New Century (October 1995): p. 9.

5. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Preliminary Estimates from the 1994 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse (September 1995): p. 61.

6. University of Michigan Institute for Social Research, Monitoring the Future (December 12, 1994): p. 4.

7. University of Michigan, Drug use continues to climb among American teen-agers, as attitudes and beliefs about the dangers of drugs soften. U-M survey says., press release (December 12, 1994): p. 4., copy on file with the Committee.

8. President Clinton's message accompanying the Office of National Drug Control Policy's National Drug Control Strategy (February 1994): p. iii.

9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Preliminary Estimates from the Drug Abuse Warning Network, Advance Report No. 11, (November 1995).

10. Supra note 9: p. 82.

11. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy (February 1995): p. 38.

12. Fiscal year 1982 federal treatment spending was $505.6 million. Fiscal year 1995 treatment spending was $2.65 billion. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Budget Summary (February 1995): p. 238.

13. According to the Department of Health and Human Services, (HHS) the number of "treatment equivalent slots" was 556,000 in 1989 and 596,000 in 1995. The number of slots is projected to decline in 1996, to 590,000. The HHS estimate includes treatment provided by Substance Abuse and Mental Health Administration and National Institute on Drug Abuse, but not other federal agencies providing substance abuse treatment. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy (February 1995): p. 143.

14. U. S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration and Abt Associates, Average Price and Purity of Cocaine in the United States, Average Price and Purity of Heroin in the United States (September 13,1995).

15. Similarly, in Detroit in 1988, disruption of the Chambers brothers' organization (that controlled many of Detroit's crack houses) resulted in a near-tripling of the street level price of cocaine in that city. Concurrently, there was also a reduction in indicia of cocaine use, such as emergency room incidents involving cocaine use. Office of National Drug Control Policy White Paper, Price and Purity of Cocaine: The Relationship to Emergency Room Visits, and to Drug Use Among Arrestees (October 1992).

16. U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Mobile Enforcement Teams (January 1995): p. 2.

17. Ibid.

18. Kenneth Tardiff, Peter Marzuk, Andrew Leon, Charles Hirsch, Marina Stajic, Laura Portera, and Nancy Hartwell, "Homicide in New York City: Cocaine Use and Firearms," Journal of the American Medical Association v. 272, No. 1. (July 6, 1994): p. 43.

19. R. Booth, J. Watters, and D. Chitwood, "HIV Risk-Related Sex Behaviors among Injection Drug Users, Crack Smokers and Injection Drug Users Who Smoke Crack," American Journal of Public Health v. 83 (1993): p. 1144.

20. Ibid.

21. D. Allen and J. Jekel, Crack: The Broken Promise (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991).

22. U.S. Const. Art. 1, Sec. 8, cl. 1 and 3 (commerce clause).

23. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Budget Summary (February 1994): pp. 88, 93, 96, 140, 151 (includes positions funded under OCDE).

24. U.S. Department of Justice, Drug Enforcement Administration, Budget Memorandum (December 4, 1995).

25. Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, L. Ralph Mecham, Judicial Business of U.S. Courts, Report of the Director of the Administrative Office of U.S. Courts (1994): p. A-65.

26. The White House, Office of the Press Secretary, Statement by the Press Secretary, (November 3, 1993); pp. 2-3.

27. The transit zone includes the Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico, and parts of the Eastern Pacific.

28. House Foreign Affairs Committee, International Security, International Organizations, and Human Rights: International Aspects of President's Drug Strategy, 103rd Cong., 1st session, November 3, 1993.

29. Tim Golden, "Tons of Cocaine Reaching Mexico in Old Jets," New York Times (January 10, 1995): p. A-l.

30. The "disruption rate" is the total amount of cocaine and marijuana that is seized, jettisoned, or "aborted" (i.e., taken back to the source country) as a result of interdiction or law enforcement presence. Data sheet from Joint Interagency Task Force-East.

31. The ombudsman's formal title is "United States Interdiction Coordinator" (USIC).

32. Memorandum from Admiral Kramek to ONDCP Director Brown (December 1, 1994). On file with the U.S. Senate Committee on the Judiciary.

33. Testimony of Lee P. Brown before the National Security Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight (March 9, 1995).

34. Excludes OCDE positions. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Budget Summary (January l992): p. 172; Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Budget Summary (February 1995): p. 190.

35. Department of the Treasury, Bureau Critical Measures, Report of U.S. Department of the Treasury; U.S. Customs Service, U.S. Customs Air Program FY 1995 Statistics as Requested by the Senate Judiciary Committee (December 8, 1995): p. 2.

36. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Budget Summary (January 1992): p. 153.

37. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Budget Summary (February 1995): p. 194.

38. Ibid. p. 235.

39. Supra, note 35.

40. Fiscal year 1995 level is estimated. Department of Defense, Office of Drug Enforcement Policy and Support, Memorandum (June 6, 1995): p. 2.

41. Coast Guard cutter "resource hours" for drug missions fell from 116,937 in FY 1991 to 39,825 in fiscal year 1994 before increasing to a projected level of 89,400 for fiscal year 1996. Aircraft resource hours fell from 23,701 in fiscal year 1991 to 6,331 in fiscal year 1994, before increasing to a projected level of 15,500 for fiscal year 1996. U.S. Coast Guard, Coast Guard Drug Budget Expenditures and Resource Hours (September 19, 1995) p. 2.

42. Supra, note 36: p. 157.

43. Supra, note 37: p. 175.

44. The source countries of Latin America are Bolivia, Colombia, and Peru. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Reclaiming our Communities From Drugs and Violence (February 1994): p. 4.

45. Testimony of Lee P. Brown, Director, ONDCP, before the National Security Subcommittee of the House Committee on Government Reform and Oversight (March 9, 1995).

46. Includes the following funding categories: International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), Foreign Military Financing (FMF), Economic Support Funds (ESF), Excess Defense Articles (EDA) and support provided under Sec. 506(a)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act. The INL budget is primarily, but not entirely, devoted to Andean country programs. Office of National Drug Control Policy, National Drug Control Strategy: Budget Summary (February 1995): p. 235.

47. Summit of the Americas, Plan of Action, affirmed by participating Nations at Miami, Florida (December 11, 1994).

48. H.G. Reza, "Border Inspections Eased and Drug Seizures Plunge," Los Angeles Times (February 13, 1995): p. A-l.

49. Laredo, Texas; El Paso, Texas; and Otay Mesa, California.

50. U.S. Customs Service, Fact Sheet on Operation Hard Line (March 15, 1995): p. 1.

51. Customs-wide cocaine seizures fell from 96.0 mt. in fiscal year 1992 to 72.1 mt. in fiscal year 1995.

52. Mark Fineman, "War on Drugs Goes to New Wavelengths: Customs Inspectors Use Costly Machine to X-Ray Suspect Vehicles at Mexican Border, But its Success Has Been Limited," Los Angeles Times (October 18, 1995): p. A12.

53. U.S. Department of the Treasury, Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, Budget Memorandum (March 29, 1995).

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