*We should end our disastrous war on drugs*
*By Martin Wolf*
*Published: June 3 2011 22:39 | Last updated: June 3 2011 22:39*
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http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/aae86202-8e10-11e0-bee5-00144feab49a.html#axzz1OItHU4qz
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*The global war on drugs has failed. Readers should not take my word for
this. It is the opening sentence of a report on the failures of prohibition
from an independent Global Commission on Drug Policy. What makes this report
astonishing is not its content, now widely accepted among disinterested
people, but who is associated with it.*
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*Among signatories are George Shultz, former US secretary of state, Paul
Volcker, former chairman of the Federal Reserve, Kofi Annan, former
secretary general of the United Nations, Fernando Henrique Cardoso, former
president of Brazil, Ernesto Zedillo, former president of Mexico and Javier
Solana, former European Union high representative for foreign and security
policy. Salute them all. They are honourable people prepared to state that
the policy on which the world has engaged for decades, at the behest of the
US, is a disaster.*
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*While failing to reduce the ills of drug use at which it is addressed, it
has created massive “collateral damage”: the spread of avoidable diseases;
use of drugs in dangerous forms; mass criminalisation and incarceration; a
gigantic waste of public resources; corruption; creation of a cross-border
network of organised crime; and the subversion of states. Mexico is perhaps
the most important contemporary victim. It is a war with myriad innocent
victims.*
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*The argument for prohibition is that it would lead to an ever-diminishing
market in controlled drugs. In practice, the opposite has happened: in the
10 years to 2008, according to the UN, global use of opiates has risen by
34.5 per cent, of cocaine by 27 per cent and of cannabis by 8.5 per cent. If
this is a successful policy, what would a failed one look like?*
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*The thrust of the report is that the challenges associated with the use and
abuse of drugs – a pervasive feature of human societies – should be
approached pragmatically, as a problem in public health, not moralistically,
as a problem of crime.*
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*The report offers powerful specific recommendations: have an open debate on
the failure of current policy; replace the criminalisation and punishment of
users with evidence-based treatment; encourage experimentation with a
regulated legal supply of less harmful drugs, such as cannabis, and
decriminalisation of use, along with supply via prescription, of more
harmful drugs such as heroin; stop measuring the number of people in prison
or drugs seized and focus on outcomes, such as the levels of drug
dependence, violence, disease and death by overdose; challenge the
misconceptions fed by panic-mongers; shift the focus of the criminal justice
system toward violent organised crime; develop alternatives to incarceration
for small-scale and first-time drug dealers; and, above all, focus on what
actually works.*
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*None of this is new. But from such a group it is surely revolutionary.*
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*Some of the points are particularly compelling. Consider the huge costs of
criminalisation, for example. In the US, the number of people in prisons has
risen from 300,000 in 1972 to 2.3m today, the highest rate of incarceration
in the world, overwhelmingly because of the war on drugs. One in 31 US
adults is now in jail, on probation or on parole. Though African Americans
are just 14 per cent of regular drug users, they account for 37 per cent of
drug arrests and 56 per cent of those in prison. It is amazing that more
Americans do not find this scandalous. However other countries have followed
a similar route, including the UK, with devastating consequences. In some
countries, minor drug suppliers are even executed, which is truly
horrifying.*
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*Again, some of the experiments with harm-reduction approaches have been
remarkably successful. The report notes, for example, that the Swiss heroin
substitution approach, which targeted hard-core users, has substantially
reduced consumption and the number of new addicts. It has also secured a 90
per cent reduction in property crimes by those participating in the
programme. Countries such as the UK, Switzerland, Germany and Australia,
with active needle-exchange programmes, have about a fifth of the US levels
of HIV-prevalence among those who inject drugs.*
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*In July 2001, Portugal became the first European country to decriminalise
use and possession (as opposed to supply) of all illegal drugs. Since then,
use has risen slightly, but fully in line with the increase in other similar
countries. “Within this general trend,” says the report, “there has also
been a specific decline in the use of heroin, which was in 2001 the main
concern of the Portuguese government.”*
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*Yet another important point is the irrationality of the categorisation of
drugs. Expert ranking of the harmfulness of drugs puts alcohol, for example,
well above many illegal substances, such as cannabis.*
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*The report brings out some of the dire unintended consequences of the drugs
war. One is the scale of the black market that now exists. Another is the
creation of a vested interest in the maintenance of what we must call “the
drugs suppression industry”. Yet another is the “geographical displacement”,
as suppression of supply in one place leads to its almost inevitable shift
to somewhere else. And another again is “substance displacement”, as
consumers shift from one drug to another in response to changes in supply.
All this is the inevitable consequence of efforts to suppress powerful
market forces. In addition, there are dire social results from taking a
punitive approach to the behaviour of users who have too often been the
victims of abuse, suffer from mental illness, or come from marginalised
social groups.*
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*The biggest conclusion I draw from this report is that policies made in the
grip of moral panic and punitive fervour are bound to be a catastrophe. So
it has proved in this case: here we have a policy that has failed to achieve
its main aims, but has imposed huge collateral costs.*
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*The report calls for an urgent shift in approach, led, if possible, by the
UN system. That is, alas, unlikely. But individual countries and groups of
countries should shrug off the efforts of the US to export its punitive
approach to the rest of the world and think for themselves, instead.
Humanity does not have to be the victim of these savage efforts to prevent
drug abuse. The time has come to think again. If we are brave, the
publication of this report could mark a turn towards rationality.*
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*The writer is the chief economics commentator of the Financial Times*