2 Marseille: America's Heroin Laboratory

1. U.S. Congress, Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., Ist and 2nd sess., 1964, pt. 4, pp. 873-885.

2. Eugene Saccomano, Bandits a Marseille (Paris: Julliard, 1968), pp. 53-54.

3. Ibid., p. 75.

4. Raymond J. Sontag, A Broken World, 1919-1939 (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), pp. 273-275.

5. Saccomano, Bandits a Marseille, p. 76.

6. Gabrielle Castellari, La belle Histoire de Marseille (Marseille: L'Ecole Technique Don Bosco, 1968), p. 120.

7. Saccomano, Bandits a Marseille, p. 78.

8. Ibid., pp. 93-94.

9. Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., Ist and 2nd sess., pt. 4, pp. 887-888, 960.

10. Ibid., pp. 887-888; Saccomano, Bandits a Marseille, p. 91.

11. Maurice Choury, La Resistance en Corse (Paris: Editions Sociales, 1958), pp. 1617.

12. Charles Tillon, Les F.T.P. (Paris: Union Generale D'Editions, 1967), pp.167-173.

13. Gabriel Kolko, The Politics of War (New York: Random House, 1968), pp. 8081.

14. Madeleine Baudoin, Histoire des groups francs (M.U.R.) des Bouches-Du-Rhone (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1962), pp. 12-13, 163-164, 170-171.

15. Beginning in September 1941 arms drops to the Marseille Resistance was supervised by Col. Maurice J. Buckmaster of the British Special Operations Executive. The arms were dropped to a special liaison group in Marseille attached to the nonCommunist Resistance. Ibid., pp. 21-23.

16. Ibid., pp. 51, 136-137, 158.

17. Ibid., pp. 31-32.

18. Saccomano, Bandits a Marseille, p. 18.

19. Maurice Agulhon and Fernand Barrat, C.R.S. ~ Marseille (Paris: Armand Colin, 197 1), p. 144.

20. Tillon, Les F.T.P., pp. 292-293.

21. Agulhon and Barrat, C.R.S. a Marseille, pp. 46-47, 75-77.

22. Castellari, La belle Histoire de Marseille, pp. 218-219.

23. Agulhon and Barrat, C.R.S. a Marseille, p. 145.

24. Joyce Kolko and Gabriel Kolko, The Limits of Power (New York: Harper & Row, 1972), p. 157.

25. Ibid., p. 440.

26. Agulhon and Barrat, C.R.S. a Marseille , pp. 145-146.

27. Ibid., p. 147.

28. Ibid., p. 148.

29. Ibid., p. 17 1.

30. Ibid., pp. 149-150.

31. La Marseillaise (Marseille), November 13, 1947.

32. La Marseillaise, November 17 and 21, December 10, 1947.

33. Kolko and Kolko, The Limits of Power, p. 396.

34. Ibid., p. 157.

35. Walter Lafeber, America, Russia and the Cold War (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1967), p. 47.

36. Ibid., pp. 48, 56.

37. Thomas W. Braden, "I'm Glad the C.I.A. Is 'Immoral,'" in The Saturday Evening Post, May 20, 1967, p. 14.

38. Ibid.

39. Le Provencal (Marseille), November 8-9, 14, 1947.

40. "It was on this occasion that the leaders of the Force Ouvriere faction separated themselves definitively from the C.G.T., and founded, with the aid of American labor unions, the coalition which still bears its name" (Jacques Julliard, Le IVe Republique [Paris: Calmann-Levy, 1968], p. 124). (Emphasis added.)

41. Kolko and Kolko, The Limits of Power, p. 370. This alliance betw en the CIA and the Socialists was apparently preceeded by elaborate negotiations. While on a visit to Washington in May 1946, Socialist party leader Leon Blum told a French wire service correspondent that, "Numerous American diplomats with whom I have talked are certain that Socialism can become the best rampart against Communism in Europe." It was later reported in the American press that President Truman's Secretary of the Treasury had urged Blum to unite the nonCommunist parties and drive the Communists out of the government.

Only a few months before he "provoked" the split between the Communist and Socialist factions of the CGT, Socialist labor leader Leon Jouhaux came to Washington to meet with members of the Truman administration (Le Monde [Paris], May 12, 1967).

42. Le Provencal, November 14, 1947.

43. La Marseillaise, November 19, 1947.

44. Agulhon and Barrat, C.R.S. a Marseille, pp. 156-173.

45. Le Provencal, November 14, 1947.

46. Agulhon and Barrat, C.R.S. a Marseille, pp. 204, 215.

47. Ibid., pp. 76, 128.

48. Ibid., p. 196.

49. Interview with Lt. Col. Lucien Conein, McLean, Virginia, June 18, 1971. (Lucien Conein worked as an OSS liaison officer with the French Resistance during World War II, and later served as a CIA operative.)

50. Castellari, La belle Histoire de Marseille, p. 221.

51. Ibid., p. 222.

52. The close relationship between Marseille's Vietnamese community and the French left also played a role in the history of the Second Indochina War. Immediately after the liberation, Marseille's left-leaning commissioner, Raymond Aubrac, discovered the wretched conditions at the Indochinese work camps in the city's suburbs and did everything he could to clean them up. His efforts won him the respect of Vietnamese nationalist organizations, and through them he was introduced to Ho Chi Minh, who visited France to negotiate in 1946. When the Pugwash Committee devised the deescalation proposal to end the Vietnam War in 1967, Aubrac was selected to transmit it to Ho Chi Minh in Hanoi (Agulhon and Barrat, C.R.S. a Marseille, p. 43).

53. Combat (Paris), February 4, 1950.

54. The New York Times, February 18, 1950, p. 5.

55. The New York Times, February 24, 1950, p. 12.

56. Combat, February 18-19, 1950.

57. Braden, "I'm Glad the CIA Is 'Immoral,'" p. 10. (Emphasis added.)

58. Time, March 17, 1952, p. 23.

59. The New York Times, March 14, 1950, p. 5.

60. The New York Times, April 16, 1950, sec. 4, p. 4.

61. The New York Times Magazine, February 6, 1972, pp. 53-54.

62. Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., Ist and 2nd sess., pt. 4, p. 888.

63. France-Soir (Paris), September 7, 1971.

64. In September 1971 the French weekly L'Express reported a somewhat different but still complimentary analysis of the Guerin i-Francisci vendetta. In late 1967 two gangsters tried to blow up Francisci's Corsican villa with 220 pounds of TNT, and six months later two snipers tried to assassinate him in a public square. After the two suspected snipers were found murdered in Paris four months later, a police investigation uncovered their connections with a Parisian casino owner named JeanBaptiste Andreani. According to L'Express, Andreani was an associate of Antoine Guerini (L'Express [Paris], September 6-12, 1971 [No. 10521, p. 18). Following the attempts on Francisci's life, three more of the Guerinis' underlings were killed (Le Provencal, January 3, 1970).

65. Saccomano, Bandits a Marseille, pp. 13-14.

66. Le Provencal, January 3, 1970.

67. Saccomano, Bandits a Marseille, p. 25.

68. Le Provencal, January 7, 1970.

69. Le Provencal, January 6-16, 1970; La Marseillaise, January 6-16, 1970.

70. Le Provencal, January 16, 1970.

71. France-Soir, September 7, 1971.

72. Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., pt. 4, p. 961.

73. The New York Times Magazine, February 6, 1972, pp. 14-15.

74. Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., pt. 4, p. 956; see also Morgan F. Murphy and Robert H. Steele, The World Heroin Problem, 92nd Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971), p. 8.

75. Phillip M. Williams and Martin Harrison, Politics and Society in De Gaulle's Republic (London: Longman Group Ltd., 1971), pp. 383384.

76. The Sunday Times (London), September 26, 1971.

77. Interview with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, New Haven, Connecticut, November 18, 1971.

78. The Sunday Times, September 26, 1971.

79. Ibid.

80. The New York Times, November 16, 1971, p. 1.

81. Le Monde, November 21-22, 23, and 27, 1971.

82. The New York Times Magazine, February 6, 1972, pp. 53-54.

83. Michele Pantaleone, The Mafia and Politics (London: Chatto & Windus, 1969), pp. 167-179.

84. Norman Lewis, The Honored Society (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1964), pp. 297-307; Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., Ist and 2nd sess., pt. 4, pp. 893-894.

85. Life, June 18, 1971, pp. 35-36.

86. Jacques Kermoal, L'Onorata Societa (Paris: La Table Ronde, 1971), pp.229-232.

87. The New York Times, January 27, 1962, p. 1.

88. Murphy and Steele, The World Heroin Problem, pp. 12, 16.

89. Interview with John Warner, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Washington, D.C., October 14, 1971.

90. Murphy and Steele, The World Heroin Problem, pp. 12, 16.

91. The New York Times, July 1, 1971, p. 1.

92. Ed Reid, The Grim Reapers (Chicago: Henry Regnery Company, 1969), p. 16.

93. Hank Messick, Lansky (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1971), p. 175.

94. Reid, The Grim Reapers, p. 97.

95. Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., Ist and 2nd sess., pt. 4, p. 928.

96. Ibid., pt. 2, pp. 524-525; interview with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, New Haven, Connecticut, November 18, 1971.

97. Senate Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, 88th Cong., lst and 2nd sess., pt. 2, pp. 527, 539. (In 1954 Santo Trafficante, Jr., was arrested by the Saint Peters burg police when he tried to bribe a police officer into destroying evidence of his involvement in the bolita lottery.)

98. Press Release, Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Washington D.C., June 27, 1970.

99. Interview with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Washington, D.C., October 14, 1971.

100. U.S. Congress, Senate Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, Fraud and Corruption in Management of Military Club Systems, 91st Cong., lst sess., 1969, p. 279; Reid, The Grim Reapers, p. 296.