1.
Y. C.
Wang, "Tu Yuch-sheng (1888-1951): A Tentative Political Biography," The
Journal of Asian Studies 26, no. 3, (May 1967), 435.
2.
Ibid.,
p. 436-, Howard L. Boorman, ed., Biographical Dictionary of Republican China
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1970), v. 111, pp. 328-330.
3.
United
Nations, Department of Social Relations, Bulletin on Narcotics 5, no. 2
(April-June 1953), 49.
4.
Ibid.,
p. 52.
5.
Harold
R. Isaacs, The Tragedy of the Chinese Revolution (Stanford, Calif.:
Stanford University Press, 1951), p. 135.
6.
Ibid.,
pp. 142-145.
7.
Ibid.,
pp. 174-180; Wang, "Tu Yueh-sheng (1888-1951): A Tentative Political Biography,"
pp. 437-438.
8.
Wang,
"Tu Yueh-sheng (1888-1951 ):.A Tentative Political Biography," pp.438-439.
9.
U.S.
Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, The AMERASIA Papers: A Clue to
the Catastrophe of China, 91st Cong., Ist sess., 1970, pp. 272-273. (In the
original document the date given for the beginning of Tu Yueh-sheng's opium
dealings in Chungking was 1944. However, since this report was submitted in
October 1943 this must be a misprint. The authors believe that 1942 was the
likely date.)
10.
W. P.
Morgan, Triad Societies in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Government Press, 1960),
pp. 76-77. 11.
Ibid.,
pp. 77-78. 12.
Interview
with a retired Green Gang member, Hong Kong, July 13, 1971.
13.
Y. C.
Wang, "Tu Yueh-sheng (1888-1951): A Tentative Political Biography," p. 453.
14.
Interview with George Dunning, Hong Kong, July 6, 1971. (George Dunning is
superintendent of police, Narcotics Bureau, Royal Hong Kong Police.)
15.
W. P.
Morgan, Triad Societies in Hong Kong, p. 78.
16.
Interview with a retired Royal Hong Kong Police officer, London, England, March
2, 1971. 17.
W. P. Morgan, Triad Societies in Hong Kong, p. 78.
18.
Interview with George Dunning, Hong Kong, July 6, 1971.
19.
Interview with a retired Green Gang member, Hong Kong, July 13, 1971.
20.
Interview
with Brian Webster, Hong Kong, July 9, 1971. (Brian Webster is
superintendent of police, Triad Society Bureau and Juvenile Liaison Office.)
21.
Hong Kong Standard, October 17, 1970.
22.
South China Morning Post (Hong Kong), May 25,
1971. 23.
Interview with T. G. P. Garner, Hong Kong, July 7, 1971. (T. G. P. Garner is
deputy commissioner of prisons.) 24.
Hong Kong Standard,
January 20, 197 1.
25.
Albert
G. Hess, Chasing the Dragon (New York: The
Free Press, 1965),p.42. 26.
Interview with T. G. P. Garner, Hong Kong, July 7, 1971; interview with James
Chien, Hong Kong, July 8, 1971. (James Chien is director of the Society for the
Aid and Rehabilitation of Drug Addicts.) 27.
Hong Kong Standard,
December 1, 1970. 28.
South China Morning
Post, August 28, 1969. 29.
Interview with a Ma Shan customer, Hong Kong, July 1971; interview with a
chiu chau secret society member,
Hong Kong, July 1971. 30.
Interview with a government narcotics expert, Hong Kong, July 8, 1971.
31.
Interview with a retired Royal Hong Kong Police officer, London, England, March
2, 1971. 32.
Interview with George Dunning, Hong Kong, July 6, 1971.
33.
Interview with Maj. Chao La, Ban Nam Keung, Laos, September 12, 1971.
34.
Interview with Police Col. 'Smith Boonlikit, Bangkok, Thailand, September 17,
1971. (Col. Smith Boonlikit is employed in the Foreign Bureau of the Central
Narcotics Bureau, Thailand.) 35,
Interview with Redactor Ly Kv Hoana, Saigon, Vietnam, August 12, 1971. (Redactor
Hoang is chief of the Narcotics Bureau of the National Police, Vietnam.)
36.
See,
for example, The New York Times, June 3,
1955, p. 9. 37.
Malay Mail (Singapore), April 2,
1965. 38.
Interview with Liao Long-sing, Singapore, September 24, 1971. (Liao Long-sing is
deputy director of the Central Narcotics Intelligence Bureau, Singapore.)
39.
T. A.
Mugan, "Drugs Addiction," mimeographed (Singapore, 1970). (T. A. Mugan is senior
superintendent of customs, Harbour Division, Singapore); The New York Times, May 5, 1970, p. 10. 40.
Interview with George Dunning, Hong Kong, July 6, 1971.
41.
Police
records show that he is a Kowloon resident who is known to the police for his
involvement in gambling and narcotics. He has never been arrested and has no
provable triad connections (interview with Brian Webster, Hong Kong, July
10, 1971). Privately, one narcotics officer labeled him as Hong Kong's maior
drug importer and provided much of the following information (interview with a
Narcotics Bureau police officer, Hong Kong, July 13, 1971).
42.
Interview with a chiu chau secret society member, Hong Kong, July 1971.
43.
Interview with a Narcotics Bureau police officer, Hong Kong, July 13, 1971.
44.
Hong Kong Standard, January 25, 1971.
45.
Interview
with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, Bangkok, Thailand,
September 16, 1971. 46.
Interview with flight crew, Market Time Surveillance Patrol, Cam Ranh Bay,
Vietnam, August 2, 197 1. 47.
Interview with Graham Crookdake, Hong Kong, July 5, 1971. (Graham Crookdake is
assistant chief preventive officer, Royal Hong Kong Preventive Services.)
48.
John
Hughes, The Junk Merchants (Boston: The Christian Science Publishing
Company, 1970), p. 31. (This description assumes that the Market Time
intelligence data is actually finding its way through the maze of British and
American bureauacries to the Preventive Services. Sources in South Vietnam
assured the authors that this information was, in fact, being used by Hong Kong
authorities.) 49.
Interview with George Dunning, Hong Kong, July 6, 1971.
50.
"The
Illicit Manufacture of Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride," xeroxed (Hong Kong,
n.d.), p. 1, 51.
Interview with a Hong Kong government chemist, Hong Kong, July 9, 1971.
52.
Ibid.
53.
Interview with a Narcotics Bureau police officer, Hong Kong, July 13, 1971.
54.
The
Age (Melbourne, Australia), January 16, 1971. 55.
Interview with a Narcotics Bureau police officer, Hong Kong, July 13, 1971.
56.
The
New York Times, January 14, 1967, p. 13.
57.
Interview with an agent of the U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs,
October 14, 1971. 58.
In
March 1970 the director of the Bureu of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs
estimated that the U.S. consumed a total of 2.5 to 3.0
tons of heroin a year (The New York Times, March 6, 1970, p. 44). Since
then estimates of U.S. consumption have been revised upward. Experts now feel
that in 1964-1966 the U.S. consumed 3.0 to 3.5 tons annually, and in 1971 U.S.
addicts used about 10.0 tons of heroin (interview with John Warner, Washington,
D.C., October 14, 1971). 59.
The
New York Times, April 3, 1970, p. 3. 60.
Morgan
F. Murphy and Robert H. Steele, The World Heroin Problem, Report of
Special Study Mission, 92nd Cong., Ist sess. (Washington, D.C.: Government
Printing Office, May 27, 1971), p. 12. 61.
Interview with an agent, U.S. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs, New
Haven, Connecticut, November 18, 1971.