Drug Abuse

Note of Dissent by Lala Nihal Chand.

I joined the Commission in Calcutta on the 3rd August 1893, and after remaining for about a month in Bengal went with the other members to the North-Western Provinces, Central Provinces and Bombay Presidency.
On the loth September while at Poona I fell ill and was forced to seek relief at home. This deprived me of a visit to the Madras Presidency. I rejoined the Commission on the 3oth October 1893 in the Central Provinces at Nagpore, when witnesses were orally examined, but on the 18th November was again obliged to fall back and remained at home till the 17th April, when I joined at Lahore in the Punjab and remained with the Commission till the last sitting of the 6th August 1894. Thus I was with the Commission for 181 days out of 369 days that the Commission lasted.
The gap in my attendance would have proved more or less serious had it not been for the fulness with which all the affairs that transpired in my absence were recorded. The written answers of each witness and his statement at the oral examination, if there was any, as well as all the Provincial reports, memoranda and statistics, were printed and supplied to each member from time to time, and a careful study of them gave me a pretty complete knowledge of the whole subject.
2. On the 26th April 1894 the majority of the members expressed themselves that they were inclined to the view that the total prohibition of the hemp drugs was inexpedient, and on the 12th May this view was finally confirmed by them. Raja Soshi Sikhareshwar Roy was not present on these occasions, and I reserved my final opinion, as the notes on facts and figures which the members had to prepare in pursuance of the President's note dated the 25th April 1894 were not at that time ready and discussed by the Commission, and I thought it premature to express any conclusive opinion without duly weighing the arguments which each member had to advance both in favour and against these drugs.
3. It is with the deepest regret that I find myself compelled to dissent from my worthy colleagues ; but thoroughly convinced of the justice of the views that I have been led to entertain, by a careful study of the literature on the subject, as well as by discussions with other members, I feel it a duty to lay them before my august Government for its due consideration. I must also note here by way of an apology for the incompleteness with which the points touched in the present note have been dealt, the great disadvantage under which I labour' in having to express myself in a foreign language, a command over which I cannot profess to have, nor can I pretend to have the experience and skill required in drawing up an official report. I cannot therefore do more than give a bare statement of the facts and to support them with the statistics that have been collected by the Commission and which I believe fully bear them out.
I also wish to state that I concur with the other members for the most part as far as bhang is concerned, excepting its taxation, and I take exception to their views chiefly in connection with ganja and charas. I think that in considering the different products of the hemp, it would have been better if a broad distinction were kept up all through ; and in summarising the results in some places, it would perhaps have been better not to dispose them off with the general terms like the hemp drugs.

4. The points where I materially differ from my colleagues are—

(1) Taxation of bhang.

(2) Production of ganja from wild plant.

(3) Dose and number of consumers.

(4) Proportion of excessive to moderate consumers.

(5) Extent of use.

(6) Public opinion, social and religious, about their use.

(7) Social and religious customs bearing on these drugs.

(8) Effects—
(a) Physical.
(b) Mental.
(c) Moral.

(9) Hemp drugs compared with alcohol.

(10) Evidence from Native States and army.

(11) Prohibition —
(a) Precedents of other countries.
(b) Desirability and feasibility of prohibition.
(c) Political danger.
(d) Danger of using more deleterious drugs.

(I2) Some of the conclusions arrived at by the Commission—
(a) Policy of control and restriction.
(b) Method of taxation.
(c) Introduction of Bengal system into other provinces.
(d) Abolition of the fixed price at which wholesale vendors in the Central Provinces are bound to sell ganja to the retail vendors and grant of wholesale licenses more freely and without charge in the Central Provinces.
(e) Gradual taxation of charas.
(f) Proposal for opening new shops.
(g) Sale of ganja in Burma.

5. As stated in paragraph 564 of the Report, it is proved by a large majority of witnesses that bhang is less injurious than any other intoxicant used in this country, and does not seem to be so deleterious as to justify the Government to take an action with the view of prohibiting or restricting its use. Bhang is produced from hemp plant, wild and cultivated, which spontaneously grows in Northern India all along the Himalaya hills, on the sides of the Eastern and Western Ghats and in some other parts of the country. Therefore it is practically impossible to control its growth and consumption.
It is used as a cooling beverage by the people at large, mixed with some ingredients which modify its evil effects if any, and its use is associated by certain sects of people with their religious and social observances. Moreover, it is used as a domestic medicine for men and cattle by the rural population. Taking all these points into consideration I am led to recommend that bhang should be left alone and made free from all taxations. A few quotations are given in justification of these remarks :

(1) The North-Western Provinces Excise Report for 1883, paragraph 86 : (The Honorable) " Mr. Cadell dwells on the necessity for dissociating the injurious ganja and charas from the less hurtful bhang. The former drugs appear to -occupy, with reference to the latter, a position somewhat similar to that of chandu to opium, and it appears desirable that the more injurious drug should be rendered less accessible than the more innocent one."

(2) North-Western Provinces witness No. i, the Honorable A. Cadell, Member, Board of Revenue, oral:—" As I said ten years ago, bhang is practically harmless."

(3) Bengal witness No.' 25, N. K. Bose, Magistrate and Collector of Noakhali :—" The taxation on bhang seems quite unnecessary."

(4) Punjab witness No. 77, Lalla Ganesh Dass, President of the Sarin Sabha, Hoshiarpur :—" Bhang is less injurious and is often religiously used at Gurudwaras, and is also used by zamindars in the treatment of cattle. As it grows wild, the subordinate Government officials will have many chances of harassing the subjects if prohibition is enforced and therefore bhang should not be prohibit-
ed )1

(5) The Honorable D. R. Lyall, Member, Board of Revenue, Calcutta : " I never heard of bhang being blamed for insanity."

(6) Bengal witness No. 88, Mr. F. H. Tucker, District Superintendent of Police, Dinajpur :—" Bhang ought to be allowed freely."

(7) Bengal witness No. 89, Mr. R. L. Ward, District Superintendent of Police, Rajshahi :—" I would not tax bhang."

(8) Punjab witness No. 4, Lieutenant-Colonel J. B. Hutchinson, Officiating Commissioner, Rawalpindi :—" I ought to add that to make bhang more expensive or to prohibit it has this additional danger, that people might take to other things that are worse, and so far as I know there is no need for the restriction of bhang."

(9) North-Western Provinces witness No. 8, Mr. H. Fraser, Collector of Bijnour, oral:—" I think it is quite unnecessary to check the use of bhang. I have never known it do any harm."

(10) North-Western Provinces, Mr. T. Stoker, Excise Commissioner, says in his memorandum, paragraph 44:—" If it be admitted that so long as human nature remains unchanged some'form of stimulants will be used, it follows that any measures to restrict drugs will be only half successful unless they are accompanied by measures which will render less harmful stimulants more accessible."

(11) Central Provinces witness No. 14, Rughanath Rao, Extra-Assistant Commissioner, Damoh, oral:—" Good bhang I have already said should be made more available. It would reduce the use of ganja as bhang, and also the use of spirituous liquor among the higher classes. Ordinary ganja used as bhang is more injurious than good bhang. The higher classes would also smoke ganja less. They would also take liquor less. All this would, in my opinion, be a change for the better."

6. Paragraphs 228 and 236 of the Report contain :—" It appears then that a Production of ganja very inferior but smokable ganja may occasionally be obtained from the from wild plant. spontaneous growth. The great majority of witnesses nevertheless state that ganja is not procured from the wild plants ; and undoubtedly what is ordinarily accepted as ganja cannot be so obtained." " Mr. Wall, a late Commissioner of Excise (North-Western Provinces and Oudh), does not believe that ganja is produced by wild plants ; and that many other witnesses take the same view."
The above extracts fairly establish that ganja cannot be produced from the wild plant. The following quotations further support the same view and conclu-
sively prove that no kind of ganja either superior or inferior can be made from it.

(1) Bengal.—The Excise Commissioner, in his memorandum, paragraph 6, says :—" No ganja or charas is made from the wild plants as the narcotic element, which is very essential to the preparation of either drug, is entirely absent or very imperfectly developed in the uncultivated plants."

(2) Dr. Prain, in his report on the cultivation of ganja, chapter VI, page it, says :—" Ganja is obtained from cultivated plants only, and of the female sex exclusively, the males being not only not used, but not permitted to grow in the vicinity of the crops in order that the formation of seeds may be as far as possible prevented."

(3) Memorandum by Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel J. King, M. B., Director of Botanical Survey of India, dated 28th October 1893 :—" The plant familiarly known as Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa, L.) is really wild in no part of British India. But in all parts of India, and also in Upper Burma, plants of it may be found growing without cultivation near villages and gardens, where hemp is at present, or has in former times been, cultivated. In botanical phraseology, hemp is found in India, not as an indigenous plant, but as an escape from cultivation."

(4) Bengal witness No. 17, K. G. Gupta, Excise Commissioner, says; " No ganja is made from the wild hemp plant."

(5) Bengal witness No. 8o, Babu Hem Chunder Kerr, retired Deputy Collector, and the officer deputed to make special enquiries about ganja in 1877, says : " The wild plants do not yield ganja."

(6) Bengal witness No. 6, A. L. Johnson, Commissioner, Dacca : oral :— " The wild plant is not used for ganja; but the leaf is used for bhang," and that " I know no case of ganja prepared from the wild plant without cultivation."

(7) Bengal witness No. 3, W. H. Grimley, Commissioner of Chota Nagpur :—" The plant in its wild state does not produce ganja. Bhang can be prepared from the wild plant, wherever grown, but I am doubtful about ganja, and that ganja consists of the resinous coated flowering-tops of the cultivated unfertilised female plant. The plant in its wild state does not produce ganja."

(8) Assam witness No. 2, J. J. S. Driberg, Commissioner of Excise, Shillong, oral :—"1 think there is no such thing as wild ganja. It does not grow of itself like other weeds."

(9) Assam witness No. 9, G. A. Gait, Director of Land Records and Agriculture :—" I have never found the spontaneous growth of hemp in the jungle, only in places formerly cultivated or still under cultivation. The jungle grass appears to choke it even when it grows."

(10) Assam witness No. 13, Ishan Chander Patranavis, Extra-Assistant Commissioner of Sylhet :—" Hemp plants are not cultivated in this district. In some places a species of plants grows spontaneously, which is called bhang, and which never produces ganja."

(11) North-Western Provinces and Oudh witness No. 8, Hugh Fraser, Magistrate and Collector, Bijnour :—" Bhang can be prepared from the hemp plant wherever grown and by any person ; ganja and charas cannot."

(12) North-Western Provinces and Oudh witness No. 63, Birg Nath Sahai, Excise Naib-Tahsildar, Gorakhpur :—" Ganja and charas cannot be made from the wild plant."

(13) North-Western Provinces and Oudh witness No. 254, Lala Sheopershad Rai Bahadur, oral :—" Ganja and charas cannot be made from the wild plants. The sample shown to me is ganja, and has been grown from ganja seed. It could not have been got from the wild plants."

(14) Punjab witness No. 63, Sirdar Bahadur Bhugwan Singh, zamindar, Amballa District :—" Ganja is not raised from the wild hemp seed, for it is another class of product."

(15) Bengal witness No. 64, Gobindra Chundra Das, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector of Malda :—" There is one point to which I wish to lay particular stress in this connection. The cultivation of ganja has been confined to the Rajshahi tracts for nearly half a century ; previous to that even there is no evidence to show that ganja used to be ever grown on a large scale in any other part of Bengal. It follows therefore that the cultivators of Bengal, even if they had ever cultivated ganja, have long forgotten the method of its cultivation, and would be unable to cultivate it now even if they be willing to do so. Further, it has been by no means established that the climate and soil of other parts of Bengal would be at all suitable to the growth of the ganja-bearing plant. An experiment to cultivate the ganja at Sibpur under the scientific supervision of the Director of Land Records has by no means proved a success. * * * " It is also known that the presence of a single male plant is sufficient to destroy the whole crop of a field. Ganja experts would be necessary to root out the male plants before one can hope to successfully raise the crop of ganja."

7. The consumption of ganja and charas per head has been fixed. in the Report for the different provinces at the following rates :—

 

Province	Ganja.	Charas.
Bengal (paragraphs 342 and 349)	½ seer per annum	¼ tola per day
North-Western Provinces (paragraphs 356 and 357).	1 seer    do	½ seer per annum
Punjab (paragraph 369)	Not used	¾ seer    do
Central Provinces (paragraph 378)	1½ seer per annum	Not stated
Madras (paragraph 385)	1 seer    do	do
Bombay (paragraph 391)	1 seer    do	do

The consumption seems to be fixed rather arbitrarily. One reading the Report cannot help thinking that the figures have been fixed so as to bring the quantities within the purchasing power of the people, a proposition which ought to have formed the ultimate object of the Commission to establish.

(a) Paragraph 349 of the report.—" The drug (charas) is used by people of better means. It is therefore in all probability taken more liberally and excess is more common."

(b) Paragraph 356.—" If the average annual allowance of something less than one seer be regarded as being composed of 4 baluchar and iths pathar, the cost comes to a reasonable figure."

(c) Paragraph 369.—" In the Punjab a somewhat higher rate ought to be adopted because the drug is cheaper, the price to consumers ranging from Rs. 9 to is per seer in this province, while in the North-Western Provinces it was Rs. 71 to Rs. 25."

(d) Paragraph 378.—" On the other hand, the comparative cheapness and inferiority of the drug suggests a higher allowance than was thought appropriate for the Bengal calculations."

(e) Paragraph 385.—" Looking to the cheapness and comparative inferiority of Madras ganja, the average yearly allowance of the habitual consumer cannot .be put at less than one full seer of 8o tolas."

8. Confining to Bengal, the yearly allowance of a moderate consumer is taken at 35 tolas or less than A of a tola a day ; while Babu Hemchandra Ker, Bengal witness No. 8o, a retired Excise Deputy Collector, who was especially deputed by the Government of Bengal to enquire into the use of ganja in 1877, estimates the dose for a moderate consumer at 1 dram or about 3rd of a tola, and for an excessive consumer at I ounce a day, i.e., 1 2 and I i-,16 seers respectively as yearly allowance.

The quantity stated by several other well-informed witnesses is as follows :—

 

The average daily allowance for a moderate consumer cannot therefore be put at less than 4th of a tola and one tola for an excessive one. In the report the individual dose for charas, which is stronger than ganja, is fixed at 4 tola a day.

9. In paragraph 344 of the Report, the proportion of excessive to moderate Proportion of ex-consumers of the hemp drugs is taken at 5 per cent. for all the Provinces, appa- is Wig, to rently without assigning any reasons. I find that this view is not supported by
well-informed witnesses, a few of whom are quoted below. The proportion of excessive consumers to moderate consumers should not, I think, be taken at less than 15 per cent.—

10. Combining the doses of moderate and excessive .consumers with their proportion, I arrive at 132 tolas instead of 40 tolas given in the Report as the average quantity consumed per head per annum, and the cost per head of consumer will be Rs. 33 instead of Rs. 10 arrived at by the Commission, while the number of consumers for Bengal will be reduced from 4,00,000 to 1,14,000 for the quantity given in the Report.

11. Bengal.—The excise system of Bengal is held to be the best and most complete of those extant in India. The ganja in that Province is subjected to two-fold taxation—(1) fixed duty on weight, (2) license-fee levied on shops by auction. Its cultivation is confined within a circuit of 16 miles, but the area of ganja itself is not restricted ; the cultivators on obtaining a pass, which is granted free, being allowed to grow it on as large an area as they choose, provided they have taken the trouble to enter it in their application. The fixed duty during the last 15 years, 1878-79 to 1892-93, has been raised on four occasions, the increase on the average amounting to Rs. 2-4 per seer (from Rs. 3-13 to Rs. 6-i), and the license-fee has been more than doubled, without apparently any decrease in the known taxable quantity of the Province, a fact proving clearly that the gradual increment in the fixed duty that is made from time to time is not calculated to check its use.

On the other hand, the rise in the area of its cultivation—which was 482 in 1878-79 and 1,180 acres in 1892-93 ; the increase in the money realized by auction of licensed shops—which rose from Rs. 5,41,436 in 1878-79 to Rs. 11,05,435 in 1892-93 ; a fall in the incidence of recorded outturn per bigha of cultivation—which fell from maunds in 1853-60 to 41 maunds in 1872.84 and 2 maunds in 1892-93 ; all these clearly prove that a great deal of illicit use is going on. In support of my statements I subjoin two tables : (t) showing ganja production and taxation in Bengal during 15 years 1878-79 to 1892-93 divided up into three periods corresponding more or less with the periods of rise in fixed duties, and (2) showing average outturn per bigha.

The Commission in paragraph 35o of their Report have stated that the " consumption (of ganja) has been stationary during, the last 15 years." This opinion is evidently based on the amounts of recorded sales of ganja without apparently any consideration of its area. My idea about the illicit use of this drug in Bengal which the present fixed high duty and its unchecked growth have done so much to encourage, is borne out by the following quotations :

(1) The Commissioner of Excise, Bengal, in paragraph 17 of his memorandum, admits that " the present system of storage is admittedly defective, and it cannot be denied that some ganja is smuggled or otherwise illicitly disposed of."

(2) Lord Ulick Browne, the Commissioner of Rajshahi, as quoted by the Spirit Commission of Bengal, says that—" Probably a closer watch and closer enquiries in the matter of the total area cultivated and the outturn prevail now than was the case 30, 20, and 15 years ago ; and it may be that there are some errors in the outturns for the earlier years. But, allowing for this, the difference in the present average outturn per bigha, and the gradual reduction as the duty was raised, which you bring to notice, is startling ; and the conclusion is almost irresistible that smuggling has increased with the duty, and that the increase in watchfulness has had little effect in preventing it."

(3) The same Spirit Commission, in their Report, paragraph 93, remarked that "The Commission are therefore unable to record any finding on the question discussed in this chapter, but they feel bound to state plainly that in their opinion the figures raise a suspicion of extensive smuggling of the drug and of its illicit sale by vendors under cover of licenses."

(4) This strong and emphatic expression of opinion made by so strong a body roused a suspicion in the mind of the Government and gave occasion to a full enquiry to be made on the subject, which was concluded by a letter from the Government of Bengal to the Board of Revenue, dated 23rd March 1887. That enquiry confirmed the opinion of the Commission, and I will do well in quoting His Honor's own words. Paragraph I 1 of the above letter runs thus :— " The Lieutenant-Governor has had an opportunity of visiting Nowgong and of personally inspecting the Ganja Department at that place ; and from enquiries made by him on the spot it appears to him that the widest opportunities for fraud and smuggling exist, though no proof has ever been adduced of detected smuggling of ganja on an extensive scale. The cultivated area is never measured. The result therefore at the end is entirely speculative and uncertain."

(5) Mr. E. V. Westmacott, late Commissioner of Excise, Bengal, witness No. 2, oral:—" There is undoubtedly some smuggling, and the statistics do not therefore show the full consumption of ganja.

(6) William Colebrooke Taylor, Special Deputy Collector, Orissa, witness No. 36, Bengal :—" The use of ganja is said to be on the increase ; can't give reasons except that the existence of so many ganja shops must have a tendency to attract consumers and increase the consumption."

(7) Hem Chunder Kerr, Government Pensioner, witness No. 8o (question No. 59) :—" With increase of duty, smuggling becomes more rife (vide my report, paragraph 133). The first improvement that I would suggest will be the reduction of the duty levied on ganja, which has been raised rather too high."

(8) Mr. G. Toynbee, Commissioner, witness No. 4 :—" The Excise officers were constantly complaining of the smuggling, but I could not say the extent to Which it was carried on. The complaints were never ceasing."

12. Extent of use.—Assam.—Assam follows suit with Bengal ; the following are its figures for the similar period :—

13. Extent of use.—North-Western Provinces and Oudh.—In paragraph 359 of the Report it is admitted that in the last 20 years, from 1873 to 1892, the revenue from hemp drugs has grown from 4 to 7 lakhs, and that the consumption of ganja and charas is proportionately on the increase. The statements of a few witnesses of this Province seem worth quoting.

(1) Mr. T. Stoker, Excise Commissioner, witness No. 6, North-Western Provinces, says in his oral statement :—" My idea that the consumption of charas is increasing is based on observation rather than statistics. I have explained how difficult it is to get accurate figures. The consumption is generally believed to be increasing in the eastern districts. I believe that to be undoubted."

(2) Witness No. 229, North-Western Provinces, Richard Burn, Excise Officer* :—" The use of these drugs is said to be increasing because, under the Moghul rule, it was forbidden under such heavy penalties as whipping or mutilation, while now it is allowed, and the use is spreading."

(3) 'Witness No. 8, North-Western Provinces, Mr. H. Fraser, Collecto'r, Bijnaur :—" The use of charas is, I believe, largely increasing, as shown by the following figures of import :—

1890-91 maunds  79

1891-92 maunds 100

1892-93 maunds 111

(4) Witness No. 182, North-Western Provinces, Raja Lachman Singh :—" It seems on the increase-

(1) Because the facility of obtaining them is greater.

(2) Caste-bonds and reverence for religious commands have been much destroyed by the development of customs and freedom of Europe."

14. Extent of use.—Punjab.—In paragraph 372 of the Report the increase of consumption of charas is admitted :—" From 1881-82 onwards there is a steady increase in the figures for charas, interrupted only by a fall in the year 1890-91, which, however, was more than made up by the rise of the following year."

15. Extent of use.—Central Provinces.—In paragraph 376 of the Report the increase of the consumption of ganja in these Provinces is also admitted :—" The . figures of consumption of ganja given in paragraph 52 of the Excise memorandum show, since 1887-88, increase in every district except Hoshangabad and Narsinghpore. The decrease in these two districts is small : the increase in several districts is large." In paragraph 379 of the Report the statement of Mr. Neill, Judicial Commissioner, is worth reading. As one of the reasons of increase he says :—" The excise arrangements have advertised the drug and made it popular and supplied a superior quality of it."

(1) Paragraph 3 of the memorandum of the Excise Commissioner runs thus :—" In 1872-73 in almost every district a few plants were to be found in the garden of cultivators."

•    NOTE.—This witness is not reported.

Paragraph 4 : " In I873-74 the amount privately grown for home consumption was insignificant."

This shows that the production and consumption of ganja in these Prov. inces up to 1874 was very much limited. In April 1875 the cultivation of ganja was for the first time confined to Khandwa, in Nimar district ; and its result has been not only that consumption of ganja has been stimulated and increased within the Province, but also that large quantities of ganja are exported to other provinces.

(2) The following statement contains quinquennial averages for the last 15 years :

(3) In paragraph 34 of his report for 1884-85 the Excise Commissioner states :—" While in most districts of the province the number of ganja shops remained stationary, the consumption of taxed ganja increased, in spite of an increase of prices, which in some districts followed the enhancement of the license-fees for retail vend. The probable explanation is that the improved quality of the issues of the drug attracted anew the consumers who had been driven to seek their supplies elsewhere by the poorness of the stuff sold by Government licensees in 1882-83."

(4) Paragraph 41, Excise Report for 1887-88, by Mr. H. V. Drake-Brockman: " The part played by the Khandwa store as entrepot for the supply of the ganja demand of those provinces is quite insignificant when compared with its use as a mart for the convenience of foreign purchasers. To it throng traders from Bhopal, lndore, &c., States; and licensed vendors from the North-Western Provinces compete with contractors from Berar for the purchase of the cultivator's stock. Between 6,000 and 7,000 maunds are annually exported to other provinces."

16. Extent of use.—Bombay and Madras Presidencies.

The consumption of charas in these parts is as yet unknown and that of ganja only small, but it seems to be increasing on, as V. Guravaya Sastri Guru, Member, Taluka Board, witness No. 166, Madras, says : " The use is increasing. The recognition of the Government of the sale of these drugs in open markets is in my opinion the sole cause of the increase." It must also be noted that in Madras the excise system was introduced only in 189o-91, and ganja of a superior quality like that manufactured in Bengal and the Central Provinces is still unknown.

17. Of the witnesses who expressed any opinion about the extent of consumption of hemp drugs, 357 stated that their use is increasing, while 148 stated that it is decreasing. The following is an analysis of them :

18. There are no complete statistics for the consumtion of hemp drugs available for all the Provinces; a statement of revenue is therefore appended from which a rough inference might be made as to the rise of consumption of hemp drugs. The revenue during the last 20 years has nearly doubled itself.

 

19. Public opinion, social and religious customs and class of consumers have an intimate connection with one another. They have been discussed in the Report at different places, but I will treat all of them together.

Paragraph 489 of the Report deals with the question of public opinion (social and religious) which was put to the witnesses in question No. 33.

I do not agree in the conclusions drawn in the above paragraph--

(1) Because it was very essential to discriminate between the use of bhang and that of charas or ganja.

(2) Because the expression " disapproval " used therein is quite inadequate to convey appropriately the ideas expressed by the witness- es against the use of the drugs.
On careful examination of the evidence I find that public opinion is very strongly against the use of ganja and charas, that almost all the witnesses condemn their use in unqualified terms, and that the very words ganjakbor and charaskhor are words of great reproach, like tipplers or drunkards in English, as admitted in paragraph 489 of the Report, but that the use of bhang is not so much in disrepute. The point under discussion is an important one, and requires more attention than has been given in the Report.

20. The Mahomedan religion strongly prohibits the use of liquor and other intoxicants, as already admitted in the Report, para. 437.

21. The Sikh religion also prohibits the smoking of ganja and charas and even tobacco, as admitted in para. 440 of the Report.

22. As to the Hindu religion, I find that in ancient times of the sacred scriptures ganja and charas smoking was unknown. Neither any of the Smrities nor any of the ancient treatises on Ayurveda, i.e., Hindu Medical Science, has a mention of it. It is admitted in para. 19 of the Report that the hemp plant is not indigenous to India. Bengal witness No. 52, M. Chakravarti, Sub-Divisional Officer, says in answer No. 25 that " with the later MahOmedan rule, tobacco-smoking and analogically ganja-smoking came into vogue." Bombay witness No. 91, Dr. Garde, Representative, Sarvajanik Sabha, Poona, says in answer No. 4o (5) that " the date of introduction of these narcotics in India cannot, in my opinion, go back beyond the 13th century A.D. Even to this day these narcotics have not made their way to any great extent in Southern India, where charas is hardly known by name, bhang scarcely even drunk, and ganja only smoked by a very insignificant portion of the population."

(a) It has been shown in para. 65 of this note that ganja and charas are not less deleterious in their effects, if not more, than liquor. I am therefore justified, I think, in coming to the conclusion that the prohibition against liquor enjoined in_the Hindu Shastras should also be held to apply to the use of these hemp drugs with equal force, if not more. In Vishnu Smriti chapter XLI, sloka 3, I find that eating nutmegs or other plants similar to intoxicating drinks in their effects upon the system is one of the crimes causing defilement.

(b) The Institutes of Manu, called Manu Smriti, is the universally recognized authority on the Hindu religion, and the following instructions about the use of liquor are therefore quoted from it :—

(c) In Chapter XI of the above all the sins and crimes that can be committed by a man are divided into various classes according to their nature, and distinguished by different names. The worst of all the sins are enumerated as five in number and are called Panchinahapeak, the drinking of alcohol is one of them.—(See Sloka 55, Chapter XI.)

(d) There are numerous slokas in Manu Smriti in which the use of liquors and other intoxicants is prohibited, but it will suffice to quote the following verses from Chapter VII :

Sloka 45.—" Let him carefully shun the ten vices, springing from love of pleasure, and the eight proceeding from wrath, which (all) end in misery."

Sloka 47.—" Hunting, gambling, sleeping by day, censoriousness, (excess with) women, intoxication, (an inordinate love for) dancing, singing, and music, and useless travel are the tenfold set (of vices) springing from love of pleasure."

Sloka 48.—" Tale-bearing, violence, treachery, envy, slandering, (unjust) seizure of property, reviling, and assault are the eightfold set (of vices) produced by wrath."

Sloka 50.—" Intoxication, dice, women, and hunting, these four (which have been enumerated) in succession, he must know to be the most pernicious in the set that springs from love of pleasure,"

Sloka 51.—" Doing bodily injury, reviling, and the seizure of property, these three he must know to be the most pernicious in the set produced by wrath."

Sloka 52.—" A self-controlled (king) should know that in this set of seven, which prevails everywhere, each earlier named vice is more abominable (than those named later)."

The eighteen vices enumerated above have been compared with one another, and it has been ruled that intoxication is the most pernicious of all the vices. Under these injunctions the use of charas and ganja should be taken as strictly prohibited.*

23. An analysis of the evidence received by the Commission with regard to the use of the hemp drugs is given in the following statement, which shows at a glance the public opinion as it prevails throughout the country at present.

* NOTE.—The original Sanskrit slokas above referred to with their translation w ill be found in Smriti Prakash, a book which I have compiled and which contains a large collection of Hindu religious precepts from all the Smritis in Santkrit,with their translation in Hindi and Urdu.

Note—Witnesses who expressed no opinion on this question have not been included in this table.

24. The use of the hemp drugs is so much in disrepute that even the cultivating classes do not like to grow it, which will be seen from paragraph 174 of the Report, which runs thus :---
" Duthie and Fuller write that hemp-growing is restricted to the lowest classes of cultivators, being considered beneath the dignity of the higher castes. So much is this the case that the phrase ' may hemp be sown in thy house' is one of the commonest of abusive imprecations. Mr. Dharmanand and other witnesses corroborate this account." •

25. The sale of liquor and hemp drugs has always been considered very objectionable and disreputable in India. There is no evidence to show that hemp drugs were ever sold by any class of persons before the introduction of the excise system. The sale of liquor was, however, practised by a certain class of people called " kalwars," who were considered so much impure that no high class persons would even touch them and no Brahman would receive a gift from them.

26. The use of ganja and charas is so much in disrepute that out of about 1,600 witnesses before this Commission not more than half a dozen were found to be consumers of these drugs, while there were a good many of the witnesses who used opium and admitted the habit without any hesitation before the Royal Opium Commission.

27. The class of consumers are also very low. As stated in paragraph 488 of the Report, " there are religious objections to the use of intoxicants by Mahommedans," and that " many of the Hindus who are both orthodox and respectable consider it contrary to their religion to indulge in these or any other intoxicants," that " orthodox Sikhs do not smoke and therefore regard ganja and charas as prohibited." It is mentioned there that ganja and charas are chiefly used by—

(1) Fakirs and wandering mendicants, Sadhus, and Pandahs, &c.

(2) Lower classes of both Hindus and Mahommedans, such as artizans, cultivators, fishermen, palki-bearers, day labourers, chamars, &c.

(3) Domestic servants of all kinds, as syces, dhobis, &c.

(4) Aborigines of different races, as Santhals, &c.

(5) Tradesmen, &c., of the lower middle classes.

It is further stated that " these are among the classes specially mentioned by witnesses as smoking hemp drugs. Among the upper classes this habit is generally regarded as exceptional and indicating a special tendency to dissipation, but not so among these lower classes." Bhang is also occasionally used more or less generally and practically by all classes on certain feast days at times of social rejoicing."

28. In this country the females do not smoke ganja or charas at all. In paragraph 468 of the report the fact is thus mentioned : " It is to be noted, however, that with the very rarest exceptions the evidence points to the use of the drugs by males only. Women would therefore appear either not to require or to be denied the benefits ascribed to the drugs."

29. In all parts of India the use of hemp drugs is much in disrepute, and there are hundreds of national songs in every dialect condemning their use. I give the following songs which have been mentioned by some of the witnesses:—

 

Name of province.	Witness No.	Original in Roman characters.	Translation in English.
Bengal	108	"Ganja khdle bdper ndm bhule jai." "Siddhi khale budhi barey, ganja khdle lukbi chare."	" He who smokes ganja forgets even his own father's name." "The man who drinks bhang thrives, he who takes ganja goes to the bad (is deserted by the goddess Lukhi)".
North-Western Provinces	29	"Charas piye, gur gydn ghate, " lij jale keandar; khansat, kharisat pet phate, milnh ho jai jaisd bandar ka."	"If one smokes charas, one's learning is diminished, the seed is burnt up witl in, coughing goes on till one's belly bursts, and one's face grows red like that of a monkey."
Punjab	70             8     29	" Wuh to charasi hai us ka kya thik." "Huqqe to luqqe piwain afyun jangli khain ; Bhang- piyen so baore ut posti Jain." " Ut posti jain charas ke piwan hare." Ghul ghul kar marjain maha papi hatyare." "Kahen Girdhar Kab Rai unhon men ek na achha ; Karke madhra pan bat men loten bachha." " Charas pila gur gyin ghala aur bij ghala waka ander ka ; sukh sulih lakar ho jawa, manh howa jaise bander ka." "Khang karun, khurak karun, ankhian kolon aund karun, ajebhi na mare, to main ki karun." " Bhang jab charti hai, kya kya maza diklati hai ? Khat ko zor se pakarto ki kidhar jati hai." " Ganja piwe mukh zard hai, Bibi kahe namard hai, Bhai kahe kuch dard hai. Ashak nashae me garq hai."	"He is a charas smoker, you can't depend on him." Boasters smoke hukkas and wild people eat opium ; Those who smoke bhang are mad, •    and those addicted to the use of poppyheads die childless." " Childless die who use poppy- heads, as also charas smokers ; " Sinners of this type die after a protracted illness." " Girdhar Kabra, the poet, says no one is good among them ; (Those mentioned above) they use liquor and like children lie down in the way." "A charas smoker loses religious wisdom imparted by the guru as well as vitality. He is gradually reduced to a mere skeleton, and his face resembles that of a monkey." " I give (you) cough. I give (you) itch. I make (you) blind in your eyes. If (still) you do not die, what can I do (more)." " When the effects of bhang rise (to the head), what feelings do they produce ? (The man who has drunk bhang) holds on tight to his bed (and wonders) where it is going." " Whoever smokes ganja, his face grows pale. His wife will complain, he is impotent, His brother will say he is afflicted with pain, But the smoker will turn to his chillum again." " He gave angi (coat) who smoked bhangi, And became a manga (monkey)."
Madras	157	............	......................
Sind	27	" Ganja aur suka pine se hurmat gayi, Laj sharm gayi chhut, Anaj bechke lae ganja, Gayi haiye ki phut ?    . Gayi haiye ki phut, Kina yeh bina bichare, Bina bichare saukare, So pachhe pachtae."	" Through smoking ganja and tobacco character is lost and modesty destroyed. Does not the heart of that man break who sells corn to buy ganja? My heart was broken indeed.    I did it without thought, and all who act without thought will have to repent."
Sind	20	Charas nahi, kahir hai. Kaleja to jal gaya. Anki me lahir hai. Khang karun, khansi karun, Ankhon se andha karun, Paon se langra karun, Ne marre to me kya karun."	"It is not charas, but a curse. It burns the chest and heart to its worse. It brings on dimness of the eyes. To phlegm and cough it must give rise. To blind the eyes it never fails. Or cripple limbs that once were hale. In what but death ends its sad tale ?"

 

30. Paragraph 450 of the Report contains the general conclusions on this subject. It is stated therein that "charas, which is a comparatively new article of consumption, has not been shown to be in any way connected with religious observance" ; "that as regards Northern India the Commission are of opinion that the use of bhang is more or less common everywhere in connection with the social and religious customs of the people," and that " as regards ganja they found that there are certain classes in all parts except the Punjab who use the drug in connection with the social and religious observances."
In the above statements I take exception to what has been said about ganja, which has no connection whatever with any social or religious customs.

31. It has been shown in paras. 19-29 of this note that the use of ganja and charas is much in disrepute ; in para. 27 that the use is confined to low class people, and in para. 28 that females do not use them. Moreover, there is no sect, caste or class of people, high, middle, or low, in which their consumption is sanctioned by religion or society. If their use had any connection with any religious or social customs, all the members of a class, whether high or low, would have used them. The absence of their use among any class as a body clearly shows that they have no such connection.

32. It is admitted in paragraph 451 of the Report that, " as a matter of fact, it is not usual for those who use the drugs, specially those who smoke them, to do so in the presence of others. It is usually only the dissipated who make a practice of publicly using intoxicants". A few of the many witnesses are also quoted.

North-Western Provinces witness No. 49, Pandit Dharmanand Joshi, Settlement Deputy Collecter : " Charas smokers will take care not to smoke in presence of their superiors or those whom they venerate."
Bombay witness No. 104 Desaibhai Kalidas, Government Pleader : " Consequently when any one belonging to these three classes (Brahmans, Chatris, and Vaishyas of Gujrat) smokes or otherwise uses ganja, he has to do it in secret, and is ashamed of it in public."
Madras witness No. 173, Secretary, Gooty People's Association : " In these parts the consumers are held as contemptible, and a ganja smoker himself would not proclaim his habit, and feels it a disgrace to be known as a ganja smoker, but this remark is not applicable to fakirs and lowest classes of people." These do gs therefore can have no connection with any social or religious custom because all ceremonies are observed jointly by all the members of a family.

33. In para. 436 of the report a mention of 'Trinath mela is made. This mela of Trinath can in no way be called a religious one—
First, because its origin is of a very recent date, about the year 1867 ;
Secondly, because, as admitted in the last sentence of the above paragraph, this form of worship is dying out ; and
Thirdly, because it is observed by Hindu and Muhammadan consumers of the drug alike, which would never have been the case had it been a religious worship of any of them. There is evidence to show that this mela is chiefly a creation of garja-smokers. Witness No. 63, Abhilas Chunder Mukerjee, referred to in the above paragraph of the Report, as regards this form of worship, says in answer to question 33 that " educated people and people of the higher and middle classes in this country treat the ganja smokers with feelings of disrespect and call them " ganja-khor," " bhang," " ganjari," &c.

34. I do not agree to the expressions contained in paragraph 435. It is a well-known fact that at the time of worship, water is poured on the image of Siva, the water being mixed with milk, sugar, and other ingredients. Sometimes those persons who are fond of taking bhang mix it with the water, but ganja is never so used. When the consumers of ganja cannot use it in presence of their elders, it can never be said or even imagined that it is consumed by the worshippers in temples, where as a matter of fact all kinds of smoking, even tobacco, are not allowed and are considered extremely objectionable.

35. In paras. 443 and 449 the statements of Reverend Campbell, Mr. Merriman (Madras witnesses), and Messrs. Campbell, Modie, Charles, Kothawoli, and Lamb (Bombay witnesses), have been quoted. In my opinion it is not safe, nor is it desirable to rely upon the evidence of European gentlemen only when questions connected with the Hindu or Muhammadan religious and social customs are under consideration. Bengal witness No. 1, the Hon'ble D. R. Lyall, says " but on this point natives will give better evidence," and in answer to question No. 33, " Here again native evidence will be best."

36. I therefore hold that, as the public opinion (social or religious) is quite against the use of ganja and charas, as has already been shown, and as they have no connection with the social and religious customs of the people, none but a Effects.    few of the habitual consumers will feel any hardship by their prohibition, and that class too for a time only. On the contrary, even the family members of the consumers will consider the prohibition of the drugs as a blessing to them. There will be no public discontent nor any interference with the religious and social customs of the people, if ganja and charas are prohibited, as the Hon'ble Gangadharrao Madhav Chitnavis, Member of the Viceregal Legislative Council, witness No. 46, Central Provinces, says : " It would not be considered as an interference with religion to prohibit either ganja or bhang."

37. A few of the many witnesses are quoted in statement I appended to this note in justification of the above views ; but the following expressions made by Mr. James Wilson, Deputy Commissioner, Shahpur, Punjab, witness No. 14, deserve special attention :-

" I recently had all the intelligent and respectable Hindus of the district assembled in connection with the ascertainment of their tribal customs. I asked those who wished to have opium restricted to stand up, and no one stood up. I then asked those who wished the present system of dealing with opium continued, and they all stood up with acclamation. I then put the same questions regarding charas and bhang, and nearly the whole assembly stood up for prohibition ; for continuance of the present state of thirigs only one or two stood up. These said that fakirs would suffer, and the others said that would not matter : they would soon get over it. Some of the assembly, even of those who declared for prohibition, were themselves moderate consumers of bhang. They had clearly bhang as well as charas before their minds. Several of the persons were dealers in opium, and very few, if any, dealers in the hemp drugs. There were about too present at this meeting, mostly shop-keepers from all parts of the district and representative of the best feeling of their class.

" A number of the more respectable object to charas because their young men get tempted by the fakirs to use it and ultimately join that body. Some of the excessive smokers of charas have themselves expressed regret to me that they ever took to the habit, much in the way that excessive consumers of liquor will do. These men were fakirs ; but a fakir in Shahpur is not only a religious devotee, but often an idle good-for-nothing, who assumes a religious character."

38. The medicinal use of the hemp drugs, as noted in paragraphs 458-67, has been somewhat exaggerated, but so far I agree, that they are sometimes used medicinally. Such use is, however, confined more to bhang than to ganja or charas, and it was very necessary to make a distinction between them in the Report. As I am not going to advocate for the prohibition of hemp drugs as far as their medicinal use is concerned, I would not discuss this point further, but content myself with quoting the following sentence from paragraph 469 of the Report :-

" A drug may be a useful medicine but a bad thing to allow into the market freely for general consumption."

39. As to paragraphs 468 to 473 of the Report, the beneficial effects, if any, can be attributed to bhang only, and very rarely to ganja and charas. As to their being food-accessory or digestive, my opinion is that a man who has become habituated to the use of the hemp drugs cannot derive any such benefit from their use even if it is presumed that they have any such beneficial quality. There is sufficient evidence on record which shows that the use of these drugs improves digestion for a short time only, and that afterwards it destroys the power altogether. The experiments of Dr. Cunningham, mentioned in paragraph 483 of the Report, shows " that the only persistent symptom attending the treatment during life was a considerable diminution in appetite for food, and so on." It is according to the general principles of medical science that, however good or powerful a medicine may be, it loses its effects when used for a long time, and when the medicine is tolerated in the constitution.

40. It is stated in the Report, paragraph 471, that "hemp drugs b9th as smoked and as drunk are used as a febrifuge or preventive of the diseases common in malarious tracts or arising from the use of bad water." But this is not the case, and they are very seldom used for such purposes, as will be seen from paragraph 339 of the Report, which runs thus :—" North-east and east of Calcutta lies a huge tract of low consumption, comprising the districts of Noakhali, Khulna, Jessore, Nadia, Backergunj, and Faridpur. This fact har ly bears out the theory that residence in low-lying country and river-side life are very intimately connected with the ganja habit."

41. As to their use giving staying power, I must say that there seems to be no good foundation for such a belief. Mr. Stoker, Commissioner of Excise, witness No. 6, North-Western Provinces, says in his oral statement that-

" As a District Officer and Settlement Officer I got into intimate contact with the classes. I believe that these drugs are comparatively little used among the agricultural classes as compared with the town population and that excess is still rarer."
Mr. F. G. Sly, Settlement Officer, witness No. io, Central Provinces, says :—

" The good cultivating caste say tbat they never use ganja or bhang as a stimulant to hard work, but that during the season of hard work they increase the quantity of their food and more particularly of ghee and milk."

Bhimbhai Kirparam, Deputy Collector, Bombay, witness No. 24, says :—

" In Guzrat Kumbies and Kolis are the principal agricultural classes. They eat opium. Therefore very few cultivators in Guzrat take ganja."

Deshaibhai Kalidas, Government Pleader, Bombay, witness No. 104, says :—

"Among the agricultural classes also ganja-smoking is found to a small degree only. On this side, even among the Sudras, ganja-smoking is so unfavourably looked upon that one from that class also would consider it low breeding to use it in public."
No one can deny that the poor cultivators of this country have to undergo more severe exertions, exposure, and fatigue than the common labourers and beggars. It naturally follows, then, that if these drugs possessed any such quality, the cultivators would have surely used them. Besides this the number of consumers is so limited as one in about every Soo of the population, and the overwhelming majority of labourers in India and Burma can do very well without them, as Mr. F. G. Sly, Settlement Officer of the Central Provinces, witness io, says :

" The information collected, however, tends to show that the use of hemp drugs as a stimulant to hard work is very limited indeed even amongst aborigines."

See also Trinidad Commission's remarks in paragraph 46 of this note on this point.

It is also to be taken into consideration that if a man can undergo harder exertions under the influence of ganja than his might would allow, his health is surely to break down sooner or later, and that it is rather a,kind of inhumanity on the part of his employers to extort more work from him than his natural health and strength can permit.

42. As to paragraph 493 of the Report, the question of moderate and excessive use is a very important one. In the questions framed by the Commission much stress was laid on this point and separate questions were framed to make a distinction between them, as will be found on reference to the following questions :—

Moderate use.    Excessive use.
45, 47, 49, 51.    46, 48, 50, 52, 53.

But as no definition of the words moderate and excessive was made in the instructions attached to the question papers, many of the witnesses were much puzzled and not unfrequently misled. This difficulty has been accepted in the Report in paragraph 477 thus : " There is a good deal of justification of the failure of many witnesses to discriminate between moderate and excessive consumption. That which is moderate and harmless to one man may be too much to another." Some of the witnesses are quoted here in support of this. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel M. D. Moriarty, M.D., witness No. 79, North-Western Provinces, says in his reply to questions 45 and 46 that " it is not easy to define moderate and excessive," and further on he has very truly said that " the greater the use, the greater the effect." Mr. E. V. Westmacott, late Commissioner of Excise, Bengal, witness No. 2, says, " I do not know how a moderate smoker is to be distinguished from an excessive smoker." Mr. H. M. Weatherall, Manager, Nawab's State, witness No. 197, Bengal, says, " It is very difficult to draw the lines where the harm begins." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel A. Crombie, Bengal, witness No. 104, says, " I should cease to call smoking moderate when it began to affect the man's demeanor. This would be my definition of moderate smoking." Dr. J. W. Macnamara, M.D., Assam, witness No. 20, says in his oral examination that, " As to these intoxicants, I do not think the police would be in a positicn to discriminate between the moderate or excessive use. I do not think I could do it myself." • Atul Chundra Roy, Assistant Surgeon, Assam, witness No. 25, says, " It is very difficult to draw a line of demarcation between moderate and immoderate use. As far as my experience goes habitual consumers scarcely keep within such a bound as not to be more or less sufferers in the long run." Mr. G. Godfrey, Commissioner, Assam, witness No. 1, says, " The excessive use of ganja has most pernicious effects, and it must be remembered that what is a moderate quantity for one person may be an altogether excessive quantity for another." Mr. S. S. Thorburn, Commissioner, Punjab, witness No. :3, says, " The difficulty is to know what constitutes moderate use. What is moderate for some would kill others." Surgeon-Major G. W. P. Dennys, Punjab, witness No. 34, says, " I do not know where to draw the line between moderate and immoderate. It really depends on how often and how rapidly a man inhales the smoke from his chilum." Dr. S. L. Dobie, Madras, witness No. 84, says, " In the case of alcohol I should of course discriminate between the moderate and excessive use. In the case of ganja I could not. It is much easier for a European to judge of alcoholism than of ganja."

The fact is that small doses of these drugs may not produce noxious effects for some time, but such effects are sure to follow sooner or later, smaller or greater, according to the constitution, habits of life, and circumstances of the consumer. There is in them a slow and insidious undermining process going on in their digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems which predispose them to acute diseases and cut their lives short. Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel W. R. Hooper, witness No. 74, North-Western Provinces, says, " The physical and mental breakdown being gradual but certain in proportion to the rate and amount of indulgence and the constitution of the individual." Therefore the evil effects of the drugs should be taken into consideration without regard to the quantity consumed.

43. Again an overwhelming majority of evidence show that in the case of the use of hemp drugs there is a great tendency for the moderate habit to develope into the excessive. Question No. 31 was put to the witnesses on this point. The above conclusion is accepted in paragraphs 480 and 477 of the Report, which run thus : " It is a general belief that there is a tendency for the moderate habit to develop into the excessive, " and that, " the moderate habit may undoubtedly develop into excess in some cases where excess might not have been looked for." In such a case it is quite immaterial to make a distinction between the effects of a moderate dose and that of an excessive one.

44. It has been alluded to in the Report in several places that the evil results from the use of hemp drugs have not hitherto obtruded themselves on observation, and that therefore some witnesses have abstained themselves from answering the questions 45 and 46 ,about the evil effects. But I find that a large majority of witnesses expressed their opinions about the effects of the use of these drugs, as will be seen from the following two statements, one of which is an analysis of the evidence of the medical witnesses and the other of the non-medical witnesses. An abstract of the two statements stands thus :—

It shows that out of 1,140 witnesses, 847 or 74.2 per cent. declare the excessive use to be deleterious against only 2, and that 623 or 54.6 per cent. declare even the moderate use to be deleterious against 243 or 21.3  per cent.

An analysis of evidence on effects' from native states and army will be seen In paragraphs 66 and 67 of this note.

 

45. It is desirable to describe here briefly the views and opinions of the Government of India on the effects of hemp drugs, which have been expressed from time to time.

(1) In 1873 the Government of India after making a full and complete enquiry resolved, in paragraph 15 of resolution No. 3773, dated 17th December 1873, that " there can, however, be no doubt that its habitual use does tend to produce insanity." The Government was so much convinced of its evil effects that they absolutely prohibited the use of ganja in the province of Burma from 1873_74 and desired all other local Governments to discourage the consumption of ganja and bhang by placing restriction on the cultivation, preparation, and sale.

(2) In 1875 on the 29th April the Government of India addressed the Government of Bengal and observed that " nothing should be done to place temptations in the way of the people that can possibly be avoided," and that " His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor may rest assured of receiving the support of the Government of India in any measure that he may adopt for limiting the consumption of ganja and indeed if the use of the drug could be altogether suppressed without the fear of leading to its contraband use, such a course would be justified by its deleterious effects."

(3) In 1877 the Government of Bengal passed a resoluti-on which contains the following conclusions : " the Lieutenant-Governor has himself no doubt .that the use of ganja in any form is injurious to the consumer."

(4) In 1879 Mr. A. 0. Hume, Member of the Board of Revenue; North-Western Provinces, in his review on the Excise Report of 1879, remarked in paragraph Io8 thus : " these drugs are believed to be exceedingly deleterious ; the smoking of ganja constantly produces (the Junior Member has. had many such cases before him) insanity. The most of our criminals habitually nerve themselves for crime by their use ; their use amongst the people as a mass is asserted to have been entirely developed by our system, . . . ."

(5) In 1892 the Government of India in their letter No. 212, dated 9th August 1892, addressed to Her Majesty's Secretary of State, wrote that "we are inclined to believe that ganja is the most noxious of all intoxicants now commonly used in India," and that " we fully recognize it as our duty to restrict its consumption as far as practicable."

(6) There are hundreds of opinions expressed by the eminent officers of the Government who pronounced the use of ganja to be extremely deleterious. All the official literature on the subject between 1871 and 1891 is full of useful information in support of the above conclusion.

46. It seems also desirable to know the opinions which have been formed in other countries than India about the effects of these drugs, and therefore I give the following quotations--

(1) Report of the Indian Immigrants Commission of 1885-87, chapter II, paragraph 6 : " In his report for 1882 the Protector called attention to the increasing habit of smoking it (Cannabis) amongst the immigrants ; he averred that it was the cause of much sickness, suggesting that the plant should be destroyed and its use prohibited. Employers have been familiar, for many years, with the evils. consequent upon its use by their Indian servants ; they, the medical officers of circles, and the Protector of immigrants have seen many Indians with their strength and manhood wrecked by I he pernicious drug. The opinions of those medical officers are on record. They are unanimous in thinking that the smoking of hemp is injurious to the constitution of Indians, and the majority testify to the widespread habit of smoking it. To its use they attribute unsteadiness in the performance of work, incapacity for exertion, undermining of nervous power, heart-disease, asthma, retention of urine, night blindness and amaurosis, incoherent speech, mental imbecility, hallucinations, suicides, death. Even in the milder cases an individual under the influence of hemp is listless, his eyes are glassy, suffused, and have a vacant stare, he has no disposition to exert himself, his pulse is soft and weak, he complains of languor and debility. Frequently, men intoxicated by its fumes, become dangerous and are arrested by the police. Homicides are committed by men rendered furious by its toxic properties. We-ourselves, when.visiting an estate in the. Umzinto circle whereon Indians were employed, came upon an Indian, an absentee from work, sitting outside a hut, with his dakkha (which is a synonymous term for ganja—vide part I of the above report), pipe on the ground by his side. He muttered to himself, then yelled, spoke rapidly and incoherently, lapsed into silence, then yelled again, and it was impossible to make him understand anything. He was manifestly in a state of dementia induced by dakkha-smoking : he was decidedly dangerous, and the manager was uncertain how to deal with him ; finally, the man was left to do as he pleased, the Indians on the estate being afraid to interfere with him, and the manager knowing that the law provided no punishment for his misconduct." Paragraph 7, " W e are satisfied, from the documentary and oral evidence before us, (a) that the smoking of hemp, whether by itself or in the mixture to which we have referred, is detrimental to the health of Indian immigrants in this colony, (h) that the immoderate use of it is highly injurious, (c) that the habit of smoking it in excess is, widespread, in the Pietermaritzburg circle one-fifth probably of the Indian population smoking it in excess, (d) that such immoderate use leads to crime of the most serious nature, (e) that it renders the Indian immigrants unfit and unable to perform, with satisfaction to the employer, that work for which he was specially brought to this colony."

(2) Report of the Sanitary Board of Greece appended to the Circular No. 22, dated 27th March 189o, of the Kingdom of Greece (see Abkari, April 1893, page 79)..
" Careful scientific observation in warm countries (in Africa, Persia, India, and Turkey) in which the intoxicating qualities of the Indian hemp, and of the haschisch which is manufactured from it in 'various forms, have long been known, and its use widely prevalent, has long ago proved the disastrous effects produced by the use of haschisch.* From the observations made in India by English doctors (O'Birest, Raleigh, O'Shaugnessy, Esdade) [sir], the experiments of Leautano, the observations of Mongieri, the numerous experiments of M. Morean (of Tours), and his observations during his journey in the East, the experimental researches of Von Schroff and Froumaller, and observations of other inquirers, the following safe conclusions are drawn :-

" (a) That haschisch disturbs the functions of the systems of digestion and circulation ;

" (b) That it injures the sense and motive powers ;

" (c) That it disturbs the cerebral functions;

'a NOTE.—Hemp is called haschisch in Arabic, as shown in paragraph So of this note.

" (d) That the action of haschish manifests itself differently in different persons ;

" The action on the circulation of the blood sometimes causes syncope, and the disturbance of the cerebral functions produces mania. The disturbances of the nervous system caused in the animal economy by the use of haschish are peculiar. The phantoms seen by, and the tendencies manifested in those who are intoxicated with haschisch, generally indicate the usual habits of thought and moral character of the intoxicated persons, or the thoughts and passions by which the man was possessed on the day that he became intoxicated, or at the moment in which the symptoms of poisoning began to make themselves manifest.. Persons given to the use of haschisch, who become maniacs, are apt to commit all sorts of acts of violence and murders.

" Such being the action of haschisch, it is easy to understand why, among rogues and convicts, quarrels, violence, and murders are of common occurrence,, and how dangerous is the use of haschisch by this particular class of people.

" Sometimes the intoxication of haschisch impels the person under its influence to suicide, or the commission of acts forbidden by morality.

" All authors are unanimous, basing their opinion on numerous observations among Eastern peoples, that the long use of haschisch weakens the body and causes atrophy, dulls the mind, and creates hypochondria, idiocy, and mania. Those who indulge in haschisch have a fixed look, without expression, and an idiotic appearance. Accordi"g to statistical information obtained from lunatic asylums of Cairo and Bengal, the majority of the maniacs and idiots became such from abuse of haschisch.

" It is therefore indisputable that the use of haschisch has a disastrous effect, gradually undermining the health of body and spirit, and becoming a source of evil to society."

(3) Note on immigration from India to Trinidad, 1893, page 43, paragraph 28 : " Under the infhence of Indian hemp Malayas run amock' and kill every one they meet. There is ample evidence that persons strongly under the influence of hemp have, if their passions are aroused, an irresistible inclination to kill, regardless of all consequences. When I was on active service during the Afghan campaign, 1878-81, many furious charges were made on our troops by bodies of Ghazis ' who, under the influence of overwhelming excitement, rushed madly to the attack and continued to fight against any odds, until they were all killed. These men, I have no doubt, were temporarily mad from hemp."

47, Mental efects—Insanity.--

In all the 24 asylums of India 1,344 lunatics were admitted in 1892, of which 222 were attributed to ganja, 553 to other causes, and for the remaining 569 the cause was "unknown." A fresh enquiry was directed by the Commission about the cases ascribed to ganja, while the rest were left alone. This procedure appears to me objectionable.

48. Under section 4 of Act XXXI V it will be found that the Magistrates and Civil Surgeons have been made responsible for making enquiries about lunatics. Under section 3 of the same Act the visitors, consisting of at least one medical officer, are required every month to " see and examine (as far as circumstances will permit) every lunatic therein (i.e., in the asylum) and the order and certificate for the admission of every lunatic admitted since the last visitation of the visitors."

Thus it is clear that the entries are made and examined by the most trustworthy servants of the Crown, and therefore their accuracy cannot be questioned but on a very strong evidence.

49. Though in some cases the descriptive rolls were originally filled by the police, yet they should not be rejected.

First.—Because the Magistrates of the districts who always take necessary precautions before accepting the police reports have accepted them.

Secondly.—T here can be no other agency in bringing to light the history of a lunatic than the police, because ganja-smokers are generally men of low caste and of bad character, with whom the high officers cannot be in touch. The habit of ganja-smoking is looked down, and therefore those who use ganja smoke it secretly, trying their best to conceal the fact from their elders and from their society.

Thirdly.—There was no motive, nor has any been assigned, which might have induced the police to make wrong entries. Therefore their entries should not be rejected. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel O'Brien, of Benares, witness No. 8o, North-Western Provinces, says, " when ganja is assigned, the man was probably a notorious ganja-smoker. The enquiry may be conducted by a chaprasi, yet he might be right in that." Surgeon-Major J. W. Macnamara, witness No. 20, Assam, says (in oral) : " My idea of the reliability of the information rests entirely on the fact that the police have no inducement to report falsely. On the whole, then, I think that when the police ascribe insanity to ganja it may be fairly accepted as reliable." Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, witness No. 73, Bombay, 16 years' service, says in oral 46 : " If the police tell me the cause, I send myself for the relations who have given the police the information and examine them myself. I make then my entry as to cause. If I cannot get the relatives I show the cause `unknown.' If the police knew personally the habits of the man, then I would accept their statements, but not otherwise. If the police give me information as to cause which is the result of enquiry, I reject that ; for in such scientific enquiries I consider it necessary to have information at first hand."

Fourthly.—If there was any motive for the police to show wrong causes in the descriptive-rolls, there could not have been so many cases as. 569, which are entered in column 29 of unknown cases in Statement VII for 1892. This shows that the enquiry was made carefully, and that the cause of ganja was attributed only when it was proved to be so.

Fifthly.—There are certain marks and signs by which a ganja or charas smoker can be easily distinguished, such as the redness of eyes, a red mark on the hand and thumb, and the general appearance of the smoker to which the medical officers must have paid some attention before accepting a lunatic as one affected by ganja. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel A. Crombie, witness No. 104, Bengal, says : " Besides this there is the mark on the hand and thumb of the ganja-smoker which, if present, immediately distinguishes him as a habitual smoker." Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Meadows, witness No. Io1, Bengal : " I think the general appearance is more typical than anything else—the appearance of the eyes and his excitable irritational manner. With these symptoms I think I should be able to tell a case as one of hemp drug insanity even without history of the use of the drug."

50. As regards para. 517 of the Report, I would remark that the attention of the Indian newspapers and of the House of Commons, the Secretary of State, and of the Government of India was drawn in 1891 to the fact that the lunatic asylums of India were filled by the ganja insanes. Accordingly an official enquiry was instituted lasting from 6th August 1891 to 9th August 1892. Under these circumstances, it cannot be said that the responsible officers did not take sufficient care in having the descriptive-rolls and asylum registers filled with accuracy. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Meadows, witness No. to', Bengal, says in his oral : " We do not now accept the cause thus assigned so readily as we used to do. Since attention has been so much attracted to ganja during last year we are much more careful."

51. In 1893 this Commission was appointed, and it should be presumed that the entries of 1893 were made with all possible care. The following table shows the figures for 1892 and 1893 taken from statement VII. It will be seen that the figures of 1893 fully support those of 1892.

52. The following is an abstract of statement VII for the last 20 years taken from the Lunatic Asylum Report of Bengal for the year 1892, which also corroborates the entries of 1892. The percentages given in this statement by the Government are upon the total admissions of the year ; but perhaps it would have been better if these percentages had been based on the number of those cases only the cause of whom was known as discussed in paragraph 55 of this note :—

53. A large proportion of the 222 ganja cases of 1892 consists of lunatics charged with crime, who were acquitted on the ground of insanity. Such insanes are admitted in the asylums, and the cause is generally taken from the judgment of the court as stated by Dr. McKay, witness No. 36, Central Provinces " In criminal cases the cause is taken generally from the judgment of the court." Dr. Crombie, witness No. 104, Bengal, says, " Besides (the descriptive-roll) we have (but only in criminal cases) the judgment in which the point is frequently raised and discussed as part of the defence." It is true, as argued in paragraph 518 of the Commission's Report, that it was unnecessary for the court to make special enquiry as to the cause of insanity, but it was quite natural that when the court acquitted an accused on the ground of insanity, it must have made a full enquiry into his character and habits of life and satisfied itself as to the cause of insanity before passing final orders. Besides that, if ganja would have been wrongly given as the cause, most probably the complainant in the case would have been the first to make objection to it. In Bengal out of 53 ganja-admissions in 1892, there were 22 criminal lunatics, but only 21 (criminal and non-criminal) cases out of 53 have been accepted. This shows that some of the criminal cases also have not been accepted.

54. The fresh enquiry is not satisfactory on the following grounds :-

 

(1) In 1892 the number of admissions in all the asylums was 1,344, out of which 222 were ganja cases, 553 attributed to other causes, and 569 were entered as unknown. The fresh enquiry has been confined to the 222 cases and is therefore defective. When out of 222 cases 124 have been found due to causes other than ganja and consequently rejected, it can be contended on the same ground that the remaining 1,122 cases, for which other causes than ganja have been attributed in statement VII, contain a good many ganja cases. The object of the Commission was to know the exact number of ganja cases admitted in 1892, and the actual percentage could have only then been ascertained had the present fresh enquiry been extended to all the admissions of 1892.

(2) This enquiry has been made by the same agency as before, and not by any member of the Commission as would appear from paragraph 521 of the Report. Therefore, if the former enquiry is questioned, the present one cannot also be relied upon. The Commission themselves have made the following observations in paragraph 526 of the Report :—" The method of enquiry has not been satisfactory in regard to all the cases referred for local enquiry." " In some it will be observed even this further inquiry has been left to the police." I for one would say that this second enquiry, if it has resulted in anything, has thrown still greater doubt on the subject, for while the former reports were made by the police unfettered with any bias, now they created for themselves that Government is inclined to reduce the number of ganja lunatics and so they might have done not a little to understate the true number. This remark of mine will, I hope, be fully admitted by all officers who have had some experience in India.

(3) Statement No. VI shows the types of insanity as diagnosed by the medical officers of the asylums, who are personally responsible for the accuracy of entries in the above statement, as Dr. DeFabeck, Surgeon-General with the Government of Madras, witness No. 83, says : " Diagnosis of hemp drug insanity does not depend solely on history. I consider that it is the duty of the medical officer to observe the case and base his diagnosis on the facts he observes and those he may elicit from the insane in lucid intervals." The total number of diagnosed cases of toxic insanity is 157, but the cases accepted by the Commission fall short of this figure also. The following figures are taken for the ganja cases, and they prove that the number of accepted cases in the Report is ajparently wrong. The number of ganja cases as diagnosed in statement VI in 1892 is 157, but only 98 cases are accepted.

 

 

Note.—Here a question may arise that, according to statement VII, the total admissions of gan a cases are 222, while in statement VI only 157 cases are shown to have been diagnosed as ganja cases, and that 'a view of so vast a difference, if the latter statement is taken as correct, the farmer must be wrong. But the fact is that these 157 cases out of the 222 cases are those entered in statement VI in the column of toxic insanity, while the rest are entered in the column of mania, etc , as will be seen from paragraph 527 of the Report, where out of 98 accepted cases only 39 are shown as entered in statement VI in the column of toxic insanity and the others in mania, etc.

(4) As will be seen from paragraph 521 of the Report, that out of 222 ganja cases 124 have been rejected. In my opinion many of them have been rejected on insufficient grounds. I pointed out some such cases to my learned colleagues Mr. Fraser and Dr. Warden, who were in charge of this part of the enquiry, but they were not formally discussed in any meeting of the Commission when the report was under discussion. There is a case in which the lunatic when he became sane admitted the use of ganja in presence of Dr. Meadows, Superintendent of Berhampur Asylum, but still the case has been rejected. In another case the lunatic's own brother gave the information that the lunatic was addicted to ganja. (See Lunatic Asylum, Lucknow, case No. 1). In a third case a lunatic's brother-in-law stated that the lunatic was addicted to ganja, and the lunatic was made over to him. (See Lunatic Asylum, Agra, case No. o). Many cases have been rejected which were attributed to hemp drugs by the Superintendents of Asylums even after the fresh enquiry. The Superintendents had all the papers of the lunatic's past history before them, and I think they were in a better position than the Commission to observe the case and form an opinion as-to the cause of insanity.

(5) The fresh enquiry produced great suspicion in the mind of the public, and the people apparently avoided giving true facts of the lunatics to the enquiring officers, lest they themselves might be thrown into some difficulties.

(6) Out of 1,341 admissions of 1892 the cause of insanity in statement VII was shown for 775 cases only, and in 569 the cause of insanity was " un-
known." It cannot be denied that among this number of " unknown " cases there must be some ganja cases which were not ascertained ; therefore the percentage has been wrongly taken on total admissions. It should have been taken on the number of known cases only, i.e., on 775.

(7) Consumption of ganja is prohibited in Burma, and it was quite wrong to take the admissions of Burma Asylum into account, as it materially affects the totals and percentages.

55. In my opinion, though there might be a few mistakes, yet on the whole it would be fair to accept the entries of statement VII as correct for the basis of forming an opinion. In the following table I have therefore given the full number of 1892 and calculated the percentages on the number of known cases only :—

...
56. A perusal of Lunatic Asylum Reports for 1892 and of the previous years, clearly shows that—

(1) The percentage of ganja lunatics is extremely high when compared
with those caused by other intoxicants used in India, as will be
seen from the statement in paragraph 55 and that of 20 years past
in paragraph 52 of this note.

(2) It is higher than the percentage of insanity due to liquor in England, which is only 19'2 per cent.

(3) Ganja and charas are more deleterious than liquor or opium, etc.

(4) There is a cloSe connection between crime and ganja-smoking. In Bengal, where ganja is largely used, it is found that 41 per cent. of ganja lunatics are criminals ; the table of this will be found in paragraph 63 of this note, where crime is dealt with.

 

 

(5) The percentage of ganja lunatics is much higher in those provinces where its cultivation is extensive, and consumption greater, than the percentage in other provinces, like Madras, Bombay, etc., where it is less cultivated and used, or in Burma, where it is totally prohibited.

57. Census and insanity.—It will be evident from the statement given below, that in 1892 the whole population of lunatic asylums was 5,581, out of which 837 were due to ganja. The Census Report of 1891, Volume II, page 59, shows that the whole number cf insanes in India was 74,47o. If the rate of ganja lunatics to the population in the lunatic asylums be applied to the total number of insanes in India it would be found that the insanity of about 11,168 persons in India is due to the use of hemp drugs. Again out of 5,581, the total population of all the asylums, 222 new cases due to hemp drugs were admitted in 1892, and by this calculation about 2,962 persons annually turn insane by the use of hemp drugs.

 

 

58. The above conclusions are corroborated by the evidence of witnesses before the Commission, as will be seen from the statements in paragraph 44 of this note, where 244 medical and 311 non-medical witnesses pronounce the use
ganja and charas to be a direct or indirect cause (or, in scientific language, predisposing or exciting cause) of insanity. I have not ventured to take up the scientific view of the question and leave it for medical experts.

59. For the purpose of ascertaining the effects of the hemp drugs, the medical evidence deserves special attention, and I would therefore recommend to read it in extenso as appended to the Report. Its analysis is given in paragraph 44 of this note and a list of those witnesses who said that even the moderate use of the drugs is deleterious will be found in statement II of this note. For brevity sake I have given a few quotations of Bengal and Punjab witnesses only as typical instances in statement III ; in the former provinceganja and in the latter charas being chiefly used. As to the comparative value of the evidence of medical men of different grades paragraph 494 of the Report should be read.

60. Moral efects.—It is concluded in paragraph 552 of the report that the hemp drug's " moderate use produces no moral injury whatever," and that " there is little or no connection between the use of hemp drugs and crime."

I do not share in the above opinion, and hold on the contrary that the use of ganja and charas causes distress to the consumer and the members of his family and has a direct or indirect connection with crime and bad habits.

61. Distress.—It has been admitted that the consumers are chiefly the labouring classes and the beggars. The average of wages of the former in Bengal is 4 annas a day, while the latter are only a burden on the society.

It has been shown in paragraph 8 that the average dose of a moderate consumer is one-fourth tola a day, and for an excessive one tola a day, which would cost in Bengal (at the rate of Rs. 20 a seer as accepted in the Report) one anna to the moderate, and four annas to the excessive consumer. Now it can be better imagined than described what should be the distress of the family of the consumer who spends not less than one-fourth of his income on this drug. Whether the consumer can provide food for himself, his wife, and children or not, but he is sure to provide his stimulant by legal or illegal means. Moreover, almost all the witnesses unanimously pronounce that the use of these drugs requires plenty of milk and rich food to modify their evil effects. But there is scarcely one per cent. of the consumers who can provide to feed himself properly.
In the Excise Report of 1891, paragraph 12, the Hon'ble Mr. McKay, Member of the Board of Revenue, N.-W. P., remarked that " the consumption of hemp drugs does not depend so much upon season as it does in the case of liquor. Drugs are much cheaper than liquor, and a drug consumer would reduce his food sooner than do without his accustomed stimulant."

62. Crime.—it is a remarkable fact that as the number of ganja smokers in the lunatic asylums of Bengal is as high as 46'5 per cent. of the admissions in 1892 (as mentioned in paragraph 55 of this note), the number of criminals in the above ganja cases is not less than 41.5 per cent. This fact alone clearly proves that the use of ganja produces insanity of such .a type as mostly leads its victims to crime. This will be seen from the following statement which gives figures for the last 5 years for the Province of Bengal :—

63. When I take into consideration the cause of insanity of all the criminals admitted in the lunatic asylums, I find that even among them the percentage of those criminals whose insanity was due to the use of hemp drugs is as high as 41.0 per cent. of the known cases. As the reports of the lunatic asylums of Bengal are more complete than those of other provinces, and the consumption of ganja is greater there, I give the following statement for Bengal for the last 5 years. The lunatic asylum reports of other provinces cannot be relied upon, because sometimes criminal lunatics are not sent to the asylums for want of accommodation, but to central jails, as is the case in the North-Western Provinces.

64. Most of the witnesses pronounce a direct or indirect connection between the hemp drugs and crime, which can be ascertained on referring to the evidence of witnesses in reply to questions 51 to 55. I give a few quotations of some eminent witnesses who have had opportunities of observing the matter under discussion in statement IV.

65. In paragraph 490 of the Report an allusion is made to the comparison of Hemp drugs corn-evil effects between the hemp drugs and liquor, but no definite opinion has been Pared with alcohol' expressed therein. I believe there can be no doubt that ganja, charas, and liquor are all deleterious. The difference lies in degree and quality of the intoxication. It is to be noticed that there are many natives of social position, learning, and intellect, who either openly or secretly use liquors, but their brains are not spoiled, Almost all the European gentlemen in this country use liquor, but the superiority of their intellect and learning can in no way be doubted. On the contrary, not a single man of learning and position will be found among those addicted to the use of garija and charas. This clearly shows that the use of these drugs should have more injurious effects upon the brain than alcohol. Besides this liquor is a kind of tonic, and gives strength to the body, while ganja and charas can give no such strength. It is observed that alcohol produces its bad effects only when used in excess, while the smoking of hemp drugs acts upon the brain even when used in the smallest dose.

The percentages of insanity caused by liquor, opium and hemp drugs in Bengal are given in a statement in paragraph 52 of this note for the last 20 years, and they clearly show that the hemp drugs are the most potent factors of all intoxicants in producing insanity. The following table shows the percentages as accepted in paragraph 524 of the Report and they also confirm this view.

 

The following quotations are also noteworthy :-

(1) North-Western Provinces, witness No. 6, Mr. Stoker, Excise Commissioner, oral 44, " I put these drugs above liquor and opium in their injurious tendencies."

(2) North-Western Provinces, No. 8, Mr. H. Fraser, Collector and Magistrate, " I wish it were, as I believe alcohol to be very harmless in comparison." " These stimulants (spirits and opium) as far as I have seen are exceedingly harmless or do exceedingly little harm, and I think the greatest watch fulness is necessary to prevent excessive cost of these articles driving consumers to the use of the cheapest hemp drug."

(3) North-Western Provinces, No. 34, John Cockburn, Sub-Deputy Opium Agent. " All smoking is in my opinion injurious, and the use of ganja and charas in that way is not comparable with the drinking of liquor."

(4) North-Western Provinces, No. 16, P. Allen, Collector. " In my opinion excessive consumption of all hemp drugs is more injurious than of alcohol, and if I considered that consumption was on the increase I should lighten taxation on liquor."

Oral—" My experience is that alcohol is not productive of much harm in this district."

(5) Bombay, No. 1, Honourable T. D. Mackenzie, Commissioner of Opium, &c.—" I do not think the labouring classes who use the drugs would take to dhatura. They would rather take to alcohol. think this would probably do less harm ; the liquor being toddy or spirit of good quality such as is supplied from central distilleries, than the hemp drugs."

(6) Bombay, No. 38, W. Almon, Assistant Collector, Abkari, " Generally then
my impression is that there are more wrecks from ganja than liquor
in proportion to the number of consumers, but not actually more."

66. Native States.—A number of question papers were supplied to selected persons in the Native States and 125 replies were received. It was unanimously resolved by the Commission that the replies of witnesses from the British territory should be appended to the Report, but as to the evidence of the Native States it was proposed that they should not be so dealt with. After some written and oral discussions all the four official members voted for the proposal and all the three non-official members against it. Therefore the evidence from the Native States has been omitted from the Report.

 

The area and population of the Native States are so considerable that they should not be lost sight of. Native State evidence, generally speaking, corroborates that from the British territory, and very strongly shows that the use of ganja and charas is very deleterious, that it is much in disrepute, that it is not connected with any social or religious custom, that prohibition is desirable and feasible, and that the English system of excise administration has been and is likely to be followed in the Native States. An analysis of the opinion of medical men will be seen from the following table :—

 

 

 

 

Some of the witnesses are themselves Chiefs and others are responsible officers and eminent physicians of the States. I give below a few extracts to show the tendency of the evidence in a general way.

Hyderabad, witness No. 9.

T. Streenivasa Rao, Hakeem, His Highness the Nizam's Civil Medical Department :—" As they advance in age, moderate habitual consumers become victims to the noxious effect of hemp plant morally, mentally, and physically. It impairs the constitution, injures digestion, and causes anaorexia. Smoking ganja has reduced many strong men to the lowest ebb. I mean moderate smoking. Bhang and ganja induce habits of immorality or debauchery when the consumer is still in good health. Many authors in Unani medicine, such as Boo Ali Sena, Ibenni Byttar, Jali Noos, Mahomed Hussun Sherazi, and others denounce the habitual use of hemp plant as aphrodisiac in one voice, as its long continued use dries up seminal fluid, and the consumer becomes impotent."

Bhawfillur, witness No. 1.

Jind Wadda Khan, Finance Minister :—" The use of intoxicating drugs is prohibited by religious injunctions. Similarly persons of every class regard its use as unlawful."

Laharu, witness No. I.

Nawab Ameeruddin Ahmud, Khan Bahadur, C.I.E., Chief of Laharu:—" Whatever answers I have given to the above questions, they are the focus of my information, enquiries, and observations, and now the gist of my opinion is that the use of these three drugs and liquor has very badly affected the morals, health, and the finances of the public of this country, the noblemen of which have been rendered incapable of discharging their duties on account of excessive drinking. Thousands have been doomed to death by this evil ; and it is not only the gentry, but also the lower and the middle classes who have been ruined by the use of these intoxi. cants. I am of opinion that the matter of these intoxicants requires serious consideration."

Nabha, witness No. 1.

Sayad Wazir Ali and L. Deva Singh, officials of the Nabha State :—" In this State bhang alone is sold for medicinal use, etc. The use of ganja and charas being prohibited, no leases are given."

Rajputana, witness No. 2.

W. H. Neilson, M. B., Surgeon-Captain, Medical Officer, Erinpura Irregular Force :—" The moderate use of bhang produces no noxious effects. The even moderate use of ganja and charas has a most deteriorating effect physically, mentally, morally on the subject of the habit."

Bhor (Bombay), witness No. 1.
Chief of Bhor (Bombay) :—" It is feasible to prohibit the use of any or all of these drugs if its non-cultivation be enforced. The prohibition would not occasion any serious discontent among the consumers, nor would the discontent, if any, amount to any political danger. The prohibition would not necessitate the use of any other drugs."

Mysore, witness No. I.

Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel I. J. McGann, Senior Surgeon and Sanitary Commissioner with the Government of Mysore :—" Habitual moderate use of ganja affects the system physically, mentally, and morally, produces emaciation, impairs appetite, and sometimes dysentery or bronchitis. It impairs the moral sense to a certain extent, induces laziness, and tends to produce insanity. It excites insanity as well as predisposes to it."

67. Army.—A separate set of selected questions was framed for the Native and British Army by the Commission and, after the permission of His Excellency the Commander-in-Chief, circulated for answers ; 274 statements were received.

The Commanding Officers were instructed by the Commission thus :—" It is suggested that Commanding Officers should, in replying to these questions, freely consult the medical officers in charge and native commissioned and non-commissioned officers. Questions '45 and 46 should be answered by medical officers."

Just as it was the case about the evidence of the Native States mentioned in para. 66 of this Note, it was proposed that the Army Evidence also should be rejected and not appended to the Report. All the official members and Kunwar Hurnam Singh Ahluwalia voted for it, and thus by a majority of 5 to 2 members the motion was carried out. In para. 409 of the Report some allusion is made to the evidence of Army as to the extent of use. The following sentences are quoted from the above paragraph :—" Several inquiring officers report that their men will not admit the use of the herrip drugs, though it is certain that they are taken to some extent, and 'n many cases there are special reasons for reticence in addition to the disrepute attaching to the habit in native society generally. In some regiments the use of the drug is directly prohibited and in others the Commanding Officers, though they may not have gone to this length, regard the consumers with distrust. It must be the case also that in some regiments the consumers are held, in greater disrepute among their comrades than in others." It is clear from the above that the use of hemp drugs is disreputable in the Army as badly as elsewhere, and that their officers were so much convinced of their bad effects upon the physical, mental, or social condition of their soldiers that they directly or indirectly prohibited their use.

In the Report no notice was taken of the opinions expressed in the Army Evidence about the effect of the hemp drugs ; but I think that this opinion has a particular advar.tage, and should be preferred to that of other witnesses. The Army men are always healthy and strong ; have sufficient means to properly feed and clothe themselves ; have got healthy accommodations to live in and agreeable exercise to undergo. They are under close observation of their officers and cannot conceal any fact from them.

The answers to the question papers received from each regiment, were generally drawn up after consultation with the medical officers. I believe the opinion of the Army Medical officers about the effects of the drugs should have much weight : out of 274 Army witnesses, some are silent on the question of effects, but most of them have expressed an opinion, and I find from examination that 174 of them pronounce the use of the hemp drugs to be extremely deleterious.

68. Before discussing the question of tl:e policy in regard to the hemp Prohliticn. drugs, to be adopted in future, it seems desirable to describe here briefly the past history of the excise administration in India, and therefore I begin it from the Hindu period.

69. Manu Smriti or the Institutes of Manu is the greatest authority on Hindu Law. In Chapter VII are enumerated the different taxes and revenue which alone the king is authorized to collect. A tax on an intoxicant is not mentioned therein, and therefore it is not legal for a king to levy a tax on these intoxicants. Besides Manu Smriti, I have consulted almost all the other standard Smritis, and find that all of them follow the principle laid down by Manu, as described above.

(a) The manufacture and sale of spirituous liquors were expressly prohibited, and it was ordained "that distillers and sellers should be banished from the realm of a king as they are secret thieves and harass the subject by their ill deeds." (See Chapter IX, Sloke 225 and 226 of Manu Smriti).

(b) In view of these orders for spirituous liquors, which are not more deleterious than ganja and charas (vide paragraph 65 of this note), it must be concluded that the use and sale of these drugs are equally if not more stringently prohibited.

70. As to the Mahomedan kings of India, in Gladwin's translation of the Ayeen Akbari, paragraphs 288-289, there is a list of taxes which were remitted by the great Moghul, Akber, among which were taxes on salt and spirituous liquors.

(a) Even such a king as Aurungzeb did not commit himself to the taxing of intoxicants. On one occasion his grandson proposed to tax the palm juice, i.e., tari, which was used as an intoxicant, and asked the permission of his grandfather to do so. The king's reply is found in his own letter No. 90 in his letters-book called 1" Ruqaat Alumgeri." Its translation stands thus :-

" Though the establishment of a mart for selling tari (palm juice) may lead to the collection of revenue, yet it is impossible to sanction such revenue. I cannot understand what a dishonest Mufti (legal adviser) declared it legal to do so. You must know that such ill-advisers are your enemies in this world and the next. You must thank Almighty God who has put you in possession of three provinces, which are very rich and give much revenue, and in which every thing is abundant and cheap. You should know that the good-will of the subjects is the only wealth either in this world or in the next."

(b) Following the same principle of the Mahomedan law, the Mahomedan prince of Kathyawar has stopped the practice of farming out contracts for spirits on the ground that it is opposed to the tenets of the Mahomedan religion to derive any revenue whatsoever by letting out contracts for liquors (see Abkari for July 1893, page 107).

71. It appears that up to the year 1790 the taxes on spirituous liquors were collected by the zemindars, and that " complaints were then rife about the spread of drunkenness among the lower classes of the people."

These complaints apparently decided the Government upon the resumption of the sayer on spirituous liquors. Accordingly, " on the 19th April 1790, the Government resolved on moral grounds to resume the Abkari sayer without reference to other duties." (Report of the Spirit Commission of Bengal, 1884, pages 8 and 9).

The above facts are corroborated by the Excise Commissioner of Bengal in his memorandum of the 27th November 1893 prepared for the Hemp Drugs Commission. He says, " It will appear from paragraph t, section 2 of Harrington's Analysis, volume 3rd, 1817, that with a view to check immoderate consumption, and at the same time to augment the public revenue, it was judged expedient to continue and extend the duties levied on liquors and drugs when the sayer collections were resumed from the landholders in the year 1790 "

72. On the 16th February 1798, the Board of Revenue suggested that a duty be levied on the sale and consumption of (1) madak, (2) ganja,. (3) subzi,, (44 majoon, (5) banker, (6) charas.

On 2nd March 1798 the President (the Governor-General in Council) replied to the Board as follows :—" Some of the articles enumerated in your letter, we have reason to believe, are of so noxious a quality and produce a species of intoxication so extremely violent, that they cannot be used without imminent danger to the individual as well as to the public, who may be exposed to the effects of the temporary insanity frequently excited by the use of these drugs." " We are of opinion that the vend of any drugs of this description should be altogether prohibited, and we desire, therefore, that, after having made an enquiry with a view to ascertain more particularly the nature and effects of them you will prepare and submit to us a regulation for this purpose, as well as for establishing such duties as may appear to you proper on the sale of such other drugs as may be used without the same pernicious effects."
The Board of Revenue made enquiries under the above order and arrived at the conclusion that tobacco, opium, ganja, bhang or subzi, banker and toddy were " not for the most part represented as producing any very violent or dangerous effects of intoxication, except when taken to excess, " and that " they appear to be useful either in medicine or otherwise. " For these reasons they recommended on the 29th of May 1798 that the sale of none of them should be altogether prohibited, but stated what appeared to them the best means of restraining the use of them and improving the revenue by the imposition of such taxes as were best adapted to the nature of the case.
Accordingly unlicensed sale of intoxicating drugs was prohibited, and daily rates of duty on the sale of intoxicating drugs were levied by Regulation VI of i800. From 1853 the daily tax was abolished and a duty at t rupee per ser on ganja and charas was imposed. In 186o a fixed fee of R s. 4 per maund was prescribed for each ganja license in addition to the above fixed duty.

73. In 1876 the present system of annually selling the retail license by auction was introduced.

74. In 1871 the Government of India thought it desirable to make an enquiry into the effects of the use or abuse of the hemp drugs, and on the loth October 1871 all the Local Governments were requested to make the above enquiry. On the i7th December 1873 the Government of India, after receiving the replies from the Local Governments, resolved that, " with the exceptions of Burma and the Central Provinces, the Local Governments are not in favor of altering existing arrangements. His Excellency in Council, however, trusts that the various Local Governments and Administrations will endeavour, wherever it may be possible, to discourage the consumption of ganja and bhang by placing restrictions on their cultivation, preparation, and retail, and imposing on their use as high rate of duty as can be levied without inducing illicit practices."
As suggested by Sir Ashley Eden, the Chief Commissioner of Burma, the Cultivation and consumption of ganja was absolutely prohibited in Burma from 41e beginning of 1873.

75. On the 29th April 1875 the Government of India addressed the Government of Bengal, and observed that " nothing should be done to place temptations in the way of the people that can possibly be avoided, " and it was directed in paragraph 3 of the above letter "that His Honor the Lieutenant-Governor may rest assured of receiving the support of the Government of India in any measure that he may adopt for limiting the consumption of ganja, and indeed if the use of the drugs could be altogether suppressed without the fear of leading to its contraband use, such a course would be justified by its deleterious effects. "

76. In August 1891, the Secretary of State, on a question put in the House of Commons, asked the Government of India to express their views on the effects of ganja and whether they proposed to take any further steps for restricting its consumption. The Government of India replied on the 9th August 1892 and stated in paragraph 3, " We are inclined to believe that ganja is the most noxious of all intoxicants now commonly used in India," and in paragraph 5 " that although we consider it impracticable to enforce the absolute prohibition of the use of ganja, we fully recognize it as our duty to restrict its consumption as far as practicable." They did not approve of the prohibition of ganja (1) because the consumers would be induced to use still more noxious drugs like dhatura, &c., (2) because the existence of hemp plants all over India made the prohibition of ganja impracticable.

77. It will be seen from the above facts that excise revenue was unknown in this country under the native system of government, and that the British Government originally took out of the hands of zemindars the excise administration with the main object of restricting the use of intoxicants, and that the highest authorities issued repeated orders to restrict or even prohibit their use, and to gain the above object rates of direct and indirect taxation have been immensely increased from time to time.

78. Having shown in paragraph I 1-18 of the note that the present system of taxing the drugs does not check their use and the gradual rise in the fixed duty only leads people slowly but surely to accustom themselves to the higher burden and to smuggling and illicit gain of the vendors, who every year try to outbid their competitors at the annual auction for licenses, I cannot but recommend that Government should condemn their use by withdrawing its countenance and forbidding cultivation of hemp plant for ganja, manufacture of ganja, importation of charas across the frontiers, and the recognized sale of ganja and charas. In short my recommendations are the same as those made by the Indian Immigrants Commission of 1885-87 in their report, paragraph 8. " On recommending the prohibition of hemp, it may be found difficult to prevent in toto the use of hemp, we are convinced, however, that the knowledge that its use is forbidden by Law, will check to a very large extent the immoderate us& of the plant by Indian immigrants' population of the colony."

79. In paragraph 553 of the Report, the question of suppressing all intoxicants has been dealt with, and the following expressions are made therein : —

(a) " No laws are of any service which are above the working level of public morality."

(b) " Scarcely  any degree of utility short of absolute necessity will justify a prohibitory regulation, unless it can also be made to recommend itself to the general conscience, .unless persons of ordinary good intentions either believe already or can be induced to believe that the thing prohibited is a thing which they ought not to wish to do."

(c) "In the exceptional cases in which the experiment has been attended with general success (as in some of the American States) the reformation of the habit has become an object of desire to the majority of the people, and the enactment for promoting such reformation has presented itself less as a restriction than as an auxiliary agency."

It has been proved (vide paragraphs 38 to 64 of this note) that the use of ganja and charas is physically, mentally, and socially very deleterious, and that their use is religiously prohibited and socially much in disrepute (vide paragraphs 19-29 of this note). When,such is the case, I believe that the country is quiteripe for the introduction of prohibitory measures in respect to the injurious intoxicants. In paragraph 554 of the report this view is supported thus," Now a certain number of persons deem it to be the duty of the British Government to suppress the trade in all intoxicants in all the countries under its sway, and there are, no doubt, special circumstances in India which render it less impossible than in some other countries to consider even so drastic a policy. These are notably the general sobriety of its race, and the feeling, popular as well as religious, which prevails against their use among a large section of the community."

80. In paragraph 562 of the Report some doubt has been expressed as to whether the article called hashish resembles the Indian products of the hemp plant. But the following authorities clearly show that in Arabic hashish is a synonymous term for the hemp drugs, especially bhang.

(1) Hashish is the Arabic name of hemp. It is bhang, not charas (see pages 4 and 9 of Hem Chandra Ker's report).

(2) Dr. Watts in his Economic Products of India states that " The Arabic hashish would seem to be given in allusion to the green intoxicating liquor " (see page 5) ; that bhang is generally known by the Arabic name haghish (see page 21) ; and that sabzi, hashish, bhang, and sidhi are synonyms of bhang, and all are applied to the drug as well as to the intoxicating drink prepared from it (see page 44).

81. Precedents of other countries.—In paragraph 557 of the Report an allusion is made to precedents for the prohibition of hemp drugs in other countries, and the statements are taken, I believe, from the journal of the Temperance Society, the Abkari for July 1893, which should be consulted in original.

The production, sale, and consumption of the hemp drugs are prohibited in the following countries :-

1. Lower Burma.—By the order of the Government of India, dated 17th December 1873.

2. Upper Burma.—Under the above order.

3. Trinidad, a British colony (see Trinidad Commission's report, paragraph 9).

4. Mauritius, a British colony (see above report, paragraph 9).

5. Greece.—By Circular No. 22, dated Athens, March 27th, 189o, when the use of hashish in cafes and all other places was forbidden, and establishments in which it was found that hashish was supplied to , persons frequenting them were closed.

6. Turkey.—Under note dated ist March 1892, addressed by the Grand Vizir to the Ministry of Commerce.

7. Egypt.—By decree of March 29th, 1879, by order of Khedive.

8. Nabha State in the Punjab (see paragraph 735 of the Report). 1°3

82. The prohibition of ganja in Burma has proved successful and of immense benefit to the country, and no change in the present administration is needed or advocated, as will be seen from the following few quotations :—

(1) Letter from Mr. Bayne, Secretary to Chief Commissioner, dated 2nd November 1893, paragraph 5.—" No one in Burma desires any change in the excise law, so far as intoxicating drugs are concerned."

(2) From the Commissioner of Tenasserim Division to the Financial Commissioner, Burma, dated 3oth January 1894.—" The effect of the pro. hibitory system has undoubtedly been to render it somewhat difficult and dangerous for any one to possess the drug, and this must have very largely tended to keep it out of the hands of Burmans. In my opinion if this system had not been adopted, the results would have been disastrous. Burmans would very certainly have taken to use ganja, for which they have no desire, and from their national character those who took to it would have used it to excess, as is the case with opium, which taken in moderation does no harm. Were the consumption and even possession of ganja not prohibited effect would be terrible."

(3) Memorandum by Mr. Culloden, Assistant Collector of Customs and Superintendent, Preventive Service, dated 1st December 1893.— " Ganja has always been considered a prohibited drug in Burma. The prohibition of its importation has so far been successful that the drug has been kept out of the local market to a considerable extent ; this is proved by fact that, whenever traced to any one possessing it, only very small quantities of the drug have been found on them."

(4) Letter from the Deputy Commissioner, Akyab, dated 1st December 1893.—" The system of prohibition has on the whole been success-
ful. )1

(5) Colonel C. B. Cooke's answer, page 5.—" I think the prohibition should not be omitted."

(6) Letter from Deputy Commissioner, Tongoo, dated 12th January 1894, page 6, paragraph 2.-" In my opinion the system of prohibiting ganja in Burma has been to a very large extent, though not entirely, successful."

(7) Letter from the Commissioner, Arakan Division, dated 19th December 1893.—" I don't think there is any necessity for altering the system of prohibition in force in Burma."

(8) Letter from the Commissioner, Southern Division, dated 16th January 1894 —" As far as my experience goes, the system of prohibition of ganja has worked well. This is based on my experience in different places."

(9) Letter from Deputy Commissioner, Mergui, dated 24th January 1894.— " As far as the general public are concerned, the use of ganja is practically extinct."

(10) Witness No. 1, Colonel H. R. Spearman, Commissioner.—" The consumption of ganja would have been very much larger among the natives of India if there had been no prohibition." " Is, and should continue to be absolutely prohibited." " I am exceedingly anxious to prevent as much as possible the Burmans from becoming consumers."

(11) Witness No. 12, Major G. S. Eyre, Deputy Commissioner.—" The existing prohibition is effective." " The total prohibition now in force is absolutely necessary. Were the use of the drug to be sanctioned, the spread of the habit would be great and the results lamentable."

(12) Witness No. 9, Mr. A. M. B. Irwin, Deputy Commissioner.—" I do not think the present prohibition causes any discontent, and that therefore it would be unwise to withdraw it without very strong reasons."

(13) Witness No. 2, Lieutenant-Colonel C. B. Cooke, Commissioner.—"... but still I think the prohibition should not be annulled." " Yes, I think it should be left unchanged." " Even if ganja could not be obtained from the plant as grown in Burma, I should still be averse from licensing its sale, because I consider that the licensing system raises up a class whose interest it is to spread consumption. I think that any licensing system would be far less effectual as regards the Burmese than the present prohibition."

(14) Witness No. 14, Mr. de la Courneuve, Deputy Commissioner.—" The absolute prohibition of the production and consumption of ganja in the Province in 1872-74 has had the best results and cannot be improved upon."

(15) Witness No. 3, Mr. J. G. Bridges, Commissioner.—" The Burmese generally approve of the prohibition of the drugs. As a people they disapprove the use of the drug." And that " I think the prohibition should be maintained."

(16) Witness No. to, Mr. H. Adamson, Deputy Commissioner.—" It is certain that the use of these drugs among Burmans is quite insignificant, and I have no doubt that this fact is due in great measure to their use being prohibited by law."

(17) Witness No. 16, Mr. Fraser, Deputy Commissioner.—" The prohibition as regards Burmans should be maintained under penalties to both buyer and seller."

83. Prohibition desirable.—Now I turn to examine the evidence of witnesses who have expressed any opinion upon the question of prohibition. It was unfortunate that no question was specifically put to them to ascertain the desirability of • prohibition, as mentioned in paragraph 568 of the Report, and thus most of them abstained from directly expressing their opinion on the point.

I do not agree in the conclusion arrived in paragraph 569 of the Report, that the majority of witnesses are against prohibition ; but, on the contrary, hold that an overwhelming evidence is for prohibition, and my reasons are as follow :-

(1) Because they have been shown to be most deleterious, physically and mentally (vide paragraphs 38-59 of this note).

(2) Because the consumption of these articles prodlices bad effects upon the society (vide paragraphs 60-64 of this note).

(3) Because they are much in disrepute (vide paragraphs 19-29).

(4) Because ganja was prohibited in Burma in 1873, and the experience of the last 20 years has shown that the prohibition has been of immense good to that country, so much so that the Government officers of that province do not advocate any change.

(5) Because it was always prohibited by the Hindu and Mahomedan govern. ments preceding the English Government.

(6) Because the Government of India has repeatedly acknowledged the desirability of the prohibition (vide paragraphs 72-76).

84. Prohibition feasible.—T he prohibition of ganja and charas is feasible on the folfowing grounds :-

(1) Charas is imported into India from Yarkand and other foreign countries, and can be stopped without difficulty, as stated in paragraph 567 of the Report.

(2) In paragraph 6 of this note it is shown that ganja cannot be produced from the wild and uncultivated hemp plants. It is an admitted fact that the cultivation of ganja is already confined to limited areas in certain provinces, and that its cultivation and manufacture requires particular knowledge, skill, and care. Therefore the existence of the wild hemp plants, wherever they are found in India, would not at all affect the practical difficulty of checking and stopping the consumption of ganja. Paragraph 664 of the Report would throw some light on this point.

(3) In paragraphs 19-37 of this note it has been shown that their use is not connected with any social, and religious customs and that their use is held in much disrepute. Therefore their prohibition will not be taken as an interference with old customs or resented to by the people. On the contrary, the people will be grateful to Government for prohibition.

85. Political danger.—The consumption of ganja and charas is confined to beggars and low class people, whose number does not exceed to one man in about every 500 of the population. Therefore there is no chance of a public discontent or political danger. The following statements shows that a very large majority of witnesses hold the above opinion:--

 

 

86. I have given a list in statement V of some witnesses of position and experience who state that there would be no political danger if the use of these drugs is prohibited, and quote here Mirza Irfan Ali Beg, Deputy Collector, Gonda, witness No. 47, N.-W. P., who says, " the drugs can be prohibited by disallowing the exports and imports and sales of the drugs. I do not think it will cause any serious discontent among the consumers, who are for the most part the Hindu Fakirs and the Brahmans. It was experienced in this district last year, when there was no sale of these drugs for about 5 months. The people felt an inconvenience, as far as it related to their habit, and nothing else. There will be no political danger and they being Brahmans.and fakirs, would not take alcoholic stimulants. They will be content with tobacco."

87. Danger of using more deleterious drugs.—There is no fear that the people will be driven to more deleterious drugs, such as dhatura. The evidence has established that the consumers of ganja and charas very seldom use dhatura at present. Therefore there is no danger of that kind. The number of witnesses who allude to the possibility of the use of dhatura is quite insignificant. In the report only 31 out of 1,194 witnesses have been mentioned. Some of these 31, too, will on examination be found not to hold this opinion, viz., that dhatura will take the place of ganja. For example :—

(1) Bombay witness 1, the Honourable Mr. Mackenzie, Commissioner of Excise, says :—" I do not think the labouring classes who use the drugs would take to dhatura. They would rather take to alcohol. I think this would probably do less harm   than the hemp drugs."

(2) Bombay witness 109, Secretary, Arya Samaj, who refers simply to alcohol.

(3) Bengal witness 164, Raja Surja Kanta Acharjya Pahadur, who refers simply to alcohol.

(4) Bengal witness 167, Rai Bahadur Radha Ballav Chowdhry, who refers simply to alcohol.

(5) North-Western Provinces witness 51, Thakur Tukman Singh, who says that " dhatura could not be substituted for ganja."

(6) Punjab witness 76, The Honourable P. Chander Chatterjee, who refers to alcohol only.

(7) Madras witness 23, Mr. Campbell, Collector, who refers to alcohol only.

88. Policy of control and restriction.—In paragraph 552 of the Report it has been stated that " in regard to the physical effects the Commission have come to the conclusion that the moderate use of hemp drugs is practically attended by no evil results at all ; " that " in respect to the alleged mental effects of the drugs, the Commission have come to the conclusion that the moderate use of the hemp drugs produces no injurious effect on the mind ; that " in regard to the moral effects of the drugs, the Commission are of opinion that their moderate use produces no moral injury whatever ; " and that " the moderate use of these drugs is the rule and that the excessive use is comparatively exceptional . . . The excessive may certainly be accepted as very injurious, but it must be admitted that in many excessive consumers the injury is not clearly marked. The injury done by the excessive use is, however, confined almost exclusively to the consumer himself ; the effect on society is rarely appreciable." If these views are accepted, there would be no reason which ought to lead to a recommendation for the policy of control and restriction of these drugs by means of taxation. All alorg it has been declared by our benign Government that the injurious intoxicants are taxed for the sake of restricting their consumption and not for the sake of revenue. When the injurious character of these drugs has not been established to the satisfaction of the Commission, I think they were not justified in advocating this policy of restriction ; for in the light of the above remarks made by the Commission these drugs should stand on the same level with tea, tobacco, and other similar stimulating articles ; and so long as the latter are not taxed there would hardly be any ground to tax ganja and charas, which have the further recommendation to be left free as their consumption is confined mostly to the poor classes and beggars.

89. Method of taxation.—The combination of a direct duty with the auction of privilege of vend has been recommended. This seems to be against the general principle of taxation, for it cannot be denied that by the system of license of vend an indirect duty is raised, and thus the drugs will be taxed twice. For the sake of restriction perhaps it would have been enough to tax them once high enough.

Judging from the past precedents, I have not the least hesitation in asserting that the recommendations of the Commission will not have any effect in restricting the use of hemp drugs.

Under the present system of Bengal a class of wholesale vendors has been
created whose interest lies in stimulating the supply of ganja and another class of retail vendors whose interest lies in publishing and stimulating the demand. There is a 3rd class created, who are called brokers. All these are agents for the spread of consumption. The restriction of use is clearly against their personal interests.

90. Introduction of Bengal system into other provinces.— It is an admitted fact that the consumption of ganja in Bengal is more extensive than in any other province and that its evil effects are also more potent there. Under these circumstances it is difficult to understand the ground on which the introduction of that system is recommended for other provinces where the consumption is still very low and no attempt has yet been made to grow the drug of a superior class.

91. Abolition of the fixed trice and grant of wholesale licenses more freely and without charge to the Central Provinces.—The recommendation of the Commission to abolish the fixed rate at which the wholesale vendors in the Central Provinces are at present bound to sell ganja to the retail vendors will, I believe, result in increasing the profits of the wholesale vendor. The increased profits and grant of licenses more freely and without charge, will create a number of wholesale vendors, who will not fail to improve and do everything in their power to stimulate the production and increase the consumption.

The present system of having a fixed price limits the profits of the wholesale vendor, and the result has been that their number is not so large nor the consumption as great as in Bengal, where the price is left in the hands of the vendor.

92. Gradual taxation of charas.—When in Bengal the rate of direct duty is Rs. 9 per seer on chur ganja, it is not understood why the Commission recommended so low a rate as Rs. 2 a seer for charas in the Punjab, the charas being evidently admitted to be much stronger than ganja. Although in paragraph 674, I must admit, it is noted that this amount has been recommended as one that should be imposed " to begin with" and ultimately the taxation is to be " raised considerably " regard being had to prevent " the trade being seriously affected." The policy here seems evidently to be one to take as much as the people can pay and not the full amount which might lead to injure the trade and stop consumption.

93. Opening of new shops.—New shops are recommended to be opened after a consultation with municipal members, etc., about the necessity for opening them. It is not stated who should be the proposer for these shops. I think the opening of new shops will only afford a greater facility for consumption and will enable these obnoxious drugs to reach their new converts. It would perhaps have been more in keeping with the principles of the Commission if the new shops at least had been stopped. But if new shops must be opened the only alternative that I have to suggest is to propose the condition that the application should be made by the inhabitants of the place.

94. Sale of ganja in Burma.—Among other proposals the Commission have recommended sale of ganja in Burma for the benefit of the natives of India. The only good which this proposal will do, if carried out, will be to render null the protection which the prohibition of its sale in that country at present affords to the Burmese. For I have not the least doubt that the contagion of its use will soon spread to the Burmans from the Indians, and that the natives of that country will soon learn the luxury of consuming this drug by procuring it through their Indian friends ; and ultimately when they have sunk deep in the vice, grounds will be made out to extend the sale of these drugs openly to the Burmans. I must not omit that all the Burma officials without hardly a single exception, have stated that there is no need to change the present system of prohibition, and some of them have gone so far as to say that if the consumption and even possession of ganja were not prohibited, effect would have been terrible, for the Burmans from their national character would have used it to excess. For further information on the subject I beg to refer to para. 82 of my note, in which the evidence of some of the important officers is quoted in extenso.

95. In conclusion I beg to subjoin my final recommendations, which
are the same as those that I submitted on the 6th August at the last sitting of the Commission.

I.—Charas is very deleterious and the use of this form of the drug is highly in disrepute. It has no connection whatever with religious and social customs of the people, and as it is imported from foreign countries it is quite feasible to prohibit its importation. I would therefore recommend the prohibition of its manufacture, importation, and sale. With a view to save the persons connected with the manufacture and trade of charas from suffering any pecuniary loss and the habitual consumers of charas from the inconvenience of sudden deprivation of the use of the drug, it would be advisable to give sufficient notice and allow a time before the adoption of prohibitory measures.

II.—Ganja is similarly deleterious in its effects. It is as disreputable as charas and has no connection with social and religious customs. Its consumption is confined chiefly to bad characters, low class people, and beggars. I am of opinion that the prohibition of its production and sale is desirable and feasible ; that the present excise administration has, generally speaking, failed in restricting its use, and that prohibition of ganja in Burma has proved of immense benefit to the people of that country. I would therefore recommend that measures should be adopted keeping ultimate prohibition in view, and that as a preliminary step towards prohibition the system of registering the consumers of ganja and charas should be adopted for a reasonable time like that which has been adopted in Burma since 1892 for the opium consumers.

III.—Bhang is the least injurious of all the intoxicants commonly used in this country. It is to a certain extent connected with the social and religious customs of the people. The bhang plant could be found in certain parts of the country growing wild, and in my opinion it would not be a very easy task to bring the production and sale of bhang under full control of the Excise Department without much annoyance to the people. For these and other reasons, I would recommend that bhang may be left alone for the present.

NIHAL CHAND,

13th September 1894.

Member, Hemp Drugs Commission.

 

1.—Ganendra Nath Pal, Sub-Divisional Officer.—Number of witness-46.
Q. 32,—" The consumption of ganja is not required by any social or religious custom. Bhang is a social custom, drunk as sherbet on the fourth day of the Durga Puja."

2.—Durgaguty Banerji, Collector of Calcutta.—Number witness—i3.*
Q. 32.—" As regards consumption of ganja and charas I am not aware of any customs, social or religious, in which it is prescribed, but sidhi is largely, though in moderate doses consumed by all classes of Hindus on the 4th day of the Durga Puja."

3.—Mahesa Chandra Nyayaratna, Principal, Government College of Sanskrit, Calcutta.—
Number of witness-93.
Q. 35.—" Ganja smokers are held in disrepute."

4.—Prokash Chunder Roy, Excise Deputy Collector, Patna.—Number of witness-58.
"In these provinces no customs, social or religious, are known in which ganja is essential."

5.—Akshay Kumar Maitra, Secretary, Rajshahye Association.—Number of witness-233.
Q. 32.—" I know of no social or religious custom in regard to the consumption of ganja, and I believe there is none."

6.—Gobind Chundra Das, Excise Deputy Collector.—Number of witness-64.
•    33. —" The use of these drugs is always in disrepute. No respectable person would associate with one who indulges in ganja, bhang, or charas.
Q. 51.—" It can, however, be asserted that ganja smokers are'as a rule regarded as of a disrespectable character, and as being persons to be avoided by all respectable gentlemen."

7.—Sri Sri Maharaj Raghunath Saran Singh Deo, Zamindar.—Number of witness-153.
Q. 32.—" It is not required to be used in festivals."*

8.—Brahmo Deo Narayan Misr.— Number of witness-157.
Q. 32.—" There is no social or religious custom which enjoins the consumption of any of these drugs. Rather every sect of Hindu religion prohibits the use of any of these intoxicating drugs. Certainly there are persons who in the name of religion, for their personal gratification, use these drugs and persuade others to do the same, especially among ignorant class of people. Such people are generally to be found among the fakirs or sadhus, who are in reality knaves, attach much religious importance to themselves and never shrink from any sort of mischief."

9.—Hem Chunder Kerr, Sub-Registrar and Pensioned Deputy Collector and Author
of the Notes on Ganja.—Number of witness-80.
Q. 33.—" The consumption is generally regarded with disfavour. The practice is looked upon by the society as low and disreputable. The sentiment is attributable to the injurious effects of the drugs by their abuse. I do not know of any such custom."

10.—Representative, Indian Relief Society, Calcutta.—Number of witness-238.
Q. 33.—" But to discuss the subjects on its merits the issues should be clearly understood. It must first of all be noticed that charas and majum and ganja as now used are never sanctioned by religious custom or usage. As for ganja, we append here (vide Appendix II) the Vyavasthas (opinions) of eminent pandits. which condemn its use and declare that, except some reference to it in the tantras, which are considered modern interpolations, there is no mention of it made in any other Shastras. The theory of religious sanctions for the use of ganja gets a rude shock when we examine the way in which people of this country take to it. In fact it is not enjoined in one or the other Shastras, bat is used because it serves as a cheap and powerful intoxicant."

Note—These witnesses are not reported-

 

11.—Laksmikanta Barkagati, Secretary, Tezpur Ryots' Association.—Number of
witness 46.
Q. 33•—" The consumption of ganja is looked upon with hatred. Ganja smokers are generally treated with contempt ; they are believed to be untrustworthy. Ganja smokers are not true to their words ; they are a source of annoyance to the neighbours ; they do not mind to their works ; these are the reasons why they are generally hated."

12.—Radha Nath Changkakoti, Dibrugarh.—Number of witness-47.
Q. 33.—In Assam the use of not only hemp, but of all intoxicating drugs is religiously prohibited. In the Shastras or the convents of the principal Gussains or spiritual guides in Assam the rule against the use of any intoxicating thing is strictly enforced."
Q. 20.—" As a rule ganja is smoked by the lower class of people and especially by the lowest of ascetics."
North-Western Provinces.

13.—The Hon'ble the Raja of Bhinga, c.s.i.—Number of witness-180.
Q. 32.—" There is no social or religious custom in this part of the country. The lower classes of people, however, sometimes make use of bhang when they cannot procure grog for such occasions as social gatherings. Manu distinctly lays down that the use of all intoxicating drugs is unlawful."

14.—Munshi Ujagur Mal, retired Deputy Collector.—Number of witness-55.
Q. 32.—" There is no custom in any caste or religion enjoining consumption of any of these drugs."
Q. 33.—" Consumption of bhang is not looked upon with favour, but there is no general public opinion against it, but consumption of charas is looked upon as a vice, as it is used by men of low caste more especially. There is no custom of worshiping the hemp plant.'

I5.—Thakur Tukman Singh, Zemindar.—Number of witness-51.
Q. 32.—" The use of these drugs is strictly forbidden in the Vedas and Shastras, the religious books of the Hindus. The use of it is similarly prohibited amongst the Muhammadans."
" The ignorant persons take up this habit for want of religious doctrines. During the holi festivals people of high caste use majum (which is prepared from bhang), while the lower caste persons drink liquor."
" It is not a part of the religious custom, and is not essential."

16.—Chaudhri Ghasi Ram, landowner, Maulaheri.—Number of witness-187.
Q. 35.—" The feeling of the people is strongly against drugs."

17.—Rai Bahadur Munshi Sheo Narain, Secretary, Municipal Board, Agra.—Number
of witness-226.
Q. 33.—"The use of these drugs is generally considered to be disreputable, with the exception of bhang. The use of charas and ganja is against religious principles. The use is considered to be disreputable, as these drugs are generally used by the lower classes."

18.—Mahant Kesho Ram Rai, Preacher.—Number of witness-242.
Q. 32.—" No social or religious custom."
Q. 33.—" The consumers of these drugs are hated and despised by society on account of the consequences of the drugs."
Q. 32. Oral.—" There is no religious injunction to take the drugs."

19.—M. Hashmat Ullah, Joint Magistrate.—Number of witness-3o.
" No custom, social or religious, may be mentioned in regard to the consurnptiort of any of the drugs. Use of the drug is in no way essential with regard to any custom.

20.—Pundit Sri Lal, Officiating Joint Magistrate,—Number of witness-33.
" There,is no custom, social or religious, in regard to the consumption of ganja and charas."

21.—Raja Lachman Singh, retired Deputy Collector.—Number of witness-182. "Except bhang the use of the other drugs is generally regarded as disreputable."
Central Provinces.

22.—Chandi Prashad, Malguzar and President—Number of witness-6i.
" There is no social or religious obligation to take these drugs even amongst Bairagis and Gusains. Bhang is sometimes spoken of as 'Mahadeo's leaves,' but there is nothing in the Shastras to that effect."

23.—Rao Venkat Rao, Malguzar and Political Pensioner.—Number of witness.-63.
Q. 32.—" In this province there is no custom, either religious or social, regarding the consumption of ganja or bhang."
Q 33.—" The public opinion is against the use of these drugs. The use of these drugs is held in disrepute because it is injurious to health."

24.—The Hon'ble Gangadharrao IVIadhav Chitnavis, Honorary Magistrate, and Member, Viceregal Council.—Number of witness-46.
Q. 32.—"It is not used here in these provinces for religious purposes."
Q. 33•—" The consumption of each of these drugs is looked down upon by the people. It is considered immoral in the social scale. Generally all sorts of vices are looked down upon by the better classes of society, and as this is a narcotic that is generally used by the lower classes of people, and as its consumption is necessarily very generally associated with bad characters, and also as the smoking of this drug has a tendency to make its victims demoralized and much of their mental vigour, the habit is looked down upon by the people. No classes or persons here worship the hemp plant."

25.—Raja Sudhal Deb.—Number of witness-47.*
Q. 32.—" No religious or social ceremonial enjoins the essential use of ganja as far as I know."
Q. 33.—`" The public regard the smoking of ganja with unmixed contempt."

26.—Trimbak Rao Sathe.—Number of witness-13.
Q. 33•—" People consider the ganja smoker as an unwelcome associate. Such men are generally debauchees or of disreputable character."

27.—Syed Muhammad Husain, Diwan.—Number of witness-15.
Q. 32.—" To the best of my knowledge there is no custom, religious or social, in regard to any of these drugs."
Q. 33.—"The consumption of ganja is regarded very badly. The public opinion about this is that it is the most derogatory kind of intoxication and its smoker is looked upon as a mean person. Its use is forbidden by the Muhammadan religion, and Brahmans also abstain from it."

28.—Pandit Narain Rao Gobind, Zamindar.—Number of witness-6o.
Q. 32.—" None of these drugs bears any connection with religion, caste, or custom ; they are only taken for intoxication."

 

29.—Rao Saheb Shesho Krishna Madkavi.—Number of witness-41.
9.32.—"There is no custom at all, social or religious, in regard to the consumption of any intoxicating drugs, like bhang, ganja, &c. On the contrary, their use is forbid-
den by religion. A consumer of such drugs has no religious or social binding to use the drug."
Q. 33.—"The public opinion (social and religious) is against the use of the drug."
• NOTE.—These witnesses are not reported.

30.-Balkrishna Narain Vaidya, B.A.-Number of witness46.
Q. 32.-" There is no custom, religious or social, in regard to the consumption of ganja."
Q. 33.-" Society looks upon ganja with contempt, as it produces evil effects on the body and mind in old age and decline of health."

31.-Dr. Ganesh Krishna Garde, L.M.S.-Number of witness-g1.
Q. 33.-" Smoking of ganja or charas is generally regarded by higher and middle classes as disreputable, this sentiment being deleterious effects of the drug on mind and body."

32.-Surgeon-Major K. R. Kirtikar, L.M.S,-Number of witness-73.
Q. 32.-"No shastrical text, so far as I have been able to ascertain with the aid of my Sanskrit Pandit, exists rendering the use of either of these drugs essential."

33.-Rao Bahadur Rango Ram Chandra.-Number of wiiness-31.
Q. 32.-" No custom, social or religious, in regard to the consumption of any of these drugs exists in the Southern Maharatta country."
Q. 33.-"The consumption of any of these drugs is generally regarded as a vice."

34.-Ardesir Dadabhoy Mody, L. M. and S. P. J.,-Number of witness-97.
"There is no social or religious custom among the Parsees in which bhang is consumed."

 

35.-M. R. R. Diwan Bahadur S. Venkata Ramdder.-Number of witness-35. Q. 3s.-"There is no custom, social or religious, in regard to ganjayi."
O.

36.-Samdasu Bavaji, priest.-Number of witness-i91.
toms as    p.-"The use of ganja is not considered as essential to social or religious cussome say."

37.-Teachers' Association.-Number of witness-174.
O. 33.-"The consumption is treated with contempt. Religion and society do not sanction it."

38.-Viswanadhan Guravaiah Sastri.-Number of witness-166.
Q. 33.-" The use of ganja and bhang is regarded as a bad habit. In societies men of these habits are not tolerated."

39.-The Hon'ble A. Sabapathy Moodelliar, Rai Bahadur, merchant.-Number of
witness-175.
Q. 32.-" The use of ganja by the Brahmans of this presidency is prohibited by religion. The other respectable castes follow suit in holding the same view."
Q. 33 -" Ganja smokers in this province are looked upon as people whose words cannot be relied on ; the use of any form of the narcotic is generally in disrepute, because intoxication blinds the reason of man, his brain is muddled, and under its influence the man evolves endless fancy, mental pictures, and indulges in them to the detriment of his duty in the world as man."

40.-E. Subramana Iyer, Chairman.-Number of witness-143.
Q. 32.-" The use is not encouraged by any social or religious custom. It is not considered to be essential in any way ; but on the other hand it is deprecated by the society in general and forbidden by religion."

STATEMENT II.—List of Medical Witnesses who pronounce the moderate use of ganja and charas to be deleterious in answer to questions Nos. 42, 45, and 49. (Paragraph 44 of the note.)
• These witnesses are not reported.

119 B K. Sen, in Civil Medical charge.
107 Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel R. L. Dutt, Civil Surgeon: lo8 Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel G. Price, Civil Surgeon.
103 Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel J. F. P. McConnell, Civil Surgeon. 118 Upendra Nath Sen, Officiating Civil Medical Officer.
102 Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel W. Flood Murray, Civil Surgeon. 109 Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel E. Bovill, Officiating Civil Surgeon.
Subordinates.
123 Devendra Nath Ray, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence. 128 Hari Mohan Sen, Assistant Surgeon.
127 Behari Lal Pal, Assistant Surgeon.
15o D. N. Chuckerbutty, Assistant Surgeon.
130 Meer Kumar Ali, Civil Hospital Assistant.
Private Practitioners.
151 Bijoy Ratna Sen, Kaviraj.
152 Ganga Prosad Sen Kaviratna, Kaviraj.
133 Revd. D. Morison, Medical Missionary.
134 Pyary Sanker Das Gupta, Medical Practitioner, Secretary, Bogra Medical Society.
136 Mohim Chunder Ray, Medical Practitioner. 154 Peari Mohun, Kaviraj, Native Fhysician.
137 Kedareshwar Acharjya, Medical Practitioner.
146 Ram Chunder Gupta, Kaviraj.
139 Dr. Mahomed Sadrul Haq, Medical Practitioner.
140 Trailokya Nath Mazumdar, Medical Practitioner.
141 Prosad Das Mullick, Medical Practitioner.
142 Nimay Churan Das, Medical Practitioner.
157 Brahmo Deonarayan Misser Vaid, Native Medical Practitioner.
158 Madhava K. Das, Private Practitioner.
143 Tara Nath Bal. Medical Practitioner.
144 Nakur Chandra Banerji, Medical Practitioner.
145 Luchmi Narayan Naik, Medical Practitioner. 237
148 Annada Prosanno Ghatak, Medical Practitioner.
Superiors.
20 Surgeon-Major J. W. Macnamara, Civil Surgeon.
23 Dr. H. A. Macleod, Civil Medical Officer.
24 James McNaught, Civil Medical Officer.
Subordinates.
25 Atul Chunder Ray, Assistant Surgeon.
27 Azher Hossein, Civil Hospital Assistant.
26 Baikanta Kumar Nandi, Assistant Surgeon.
24 Lachman Pershad, Civil Hospital Assistant.
Private Practitioner.
31 Krishna Chandra Sanyal, Medical Practitioner.
Superiors.
87 Surgeon-Major J. F. Tuohy, Civil Surgeon.
88 Surgeon-Major W. Deane, Civil Surgeon.
79 Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel M. D. Moriarty, Civil Surgeon.
Bengal ...
4    N-W.P....    93    J. C. Ellis, retired Civil Surgeon.
5    Do.    ...    84    Surgeon-Captain R. R. Weir, Superintendent, Central Prison.
6    Do.    ...    82    Surgeon-Ma,or E Mair, Superintendent, Central Prison.
7    Do.    ...    77    Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel R. A. K. Holmes, Superintendent, Central Prison.
Subordinates.
8    Do.    105    Buldeo Singh, Government S-rvice, Medical Department.
9    Do.    96    Nobin Chundra Chakravarti, Assistant Surgeon.
I0    Do.    g8    Subhan Ali, Assistant Surgeon.
II    Do.    II3    Jamal Khan, Hospital Assistant.
12    Do.    104    Hori Lal, Assistant Surgeon.
13    Do.    118    Mohammad Husain, retired Hospital Assistant..
14-    Do.    119    Waris Ali, Hospital Assistant.
15    Do.    115    Mohammad Baksh, Hospital Assistant.
16    Do.    99    Poorna Chandra Banerji, Assistant Surgeon.
Do.    too    Ganga Singh, Assistant Surgeon.
r8    Do.    97    Mul Raj, Assistant Surgeon.
19    Do.    •••    116    Bhagelu Ram, Hospital Assistant.
20    Do.    117    Rahimullah, Hospital Assistant.
21    Do.    t I    Prasana Kumar Banerji, Assistant Surgeon.
22    Do.    Io6    Mohammad Abdur Rahim, Khan Bahadur, Assistant Surgeon.
23    Do.    95    Troylucko Nath Ghase, Assistant Surgeon.
24    Do.    109    Pandit Hari Dutt Pant, Assistant Surgeon.
Private Practitioners.
25    Do.    120    S. P. Roy, Municipal Analyst.
26    Do.    125    Ram Narain, Tebabut.
27    Do.    121    Mohammad Yar Khan, Pensioner and Health Officer.
28    Do.    126    Gokal Chand, Private Medical Practitioner.
29    Do.    127    !sari Chandra Ray, Medical Practitioner.
30    Do.    i61    Abdul Samad, Hakim.
31    Do.    162    Mohammad Ibrahim Khan, Hakim.
32    Do.    163    Jugal Kishore, Vaid and Hakim.
33    Do.    164    Abdul Razak, Hakim, Municipal Board.
34    Do.    165    Sall; Ram, Hakim.
35    Do.    166    Sayad Masoom Ali, Hakim.
36    Do.    167    Sayad Aulad Hossain, Hakim.
37    Do.    1,11•    128    Pandit Kanhya Lal, Medical Practitioner.
38    Do.    129    Abu Ali Mohammad Jafar, Medical Practitioner.
39    Do.    130    Monahar Pershad Tewari, Practitioner in    Medicine and Sig-
gery.
40    Do.    131    Mazhar Subhan, Medical Practitioner.
41    Do.    132    Pandit Ram Narayan, Private Practitioner.
42    Do.    133    Pandit Gunga Din, Private Practitioner.
43    Do.    134    Mohammad Yasin, Medical Practitioner.
44    Do.    • • •    135    Syed Abu Ibrahim, Private Practitioner.
45    Do.    168    Gosayen Gopi Lal, Native Doctor.
46    Do.    169    Lachman Dass, Hakim.
47    Do.    136    Lachman, Medical Practitioner.
48    Do.    ...    137    Amjad Hussain Khan, Medical Practitioner.
49    Do.    138    Musharraf Ali Khan, Medical Practitioner.
5o    Do.    244    Piyari Lal, Petition-wri.er and Doctor.
51    Do.    139    Naim Ullah, Medical Practitioner.
52    Do.    140    Bal Mukand, Medical Practitioner.
53    Do.    141    Ram Narain, Apothecary.
54    Do.    142    Lala Bhairob Baksh, Mafidar and Physician.
55    Do.    •••    17i    Janki Dass. Baid.
56    Do.    172    Sakhawat Ali, Yunani Physician.
57    Do.    143    Ram Chandra, Medical Practitioner.
58    Do.    •.•    144    Mokurrab Hussain, Physician.
NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL CHAND.    443
Serial. No.    Province.    No. of    Name and Rank.
witness.    
59    N.-W. P.    145    Private Practitioners—contd.
60    Do.    146    Upendra Nath Ganguly, Medi,a1 Practitioner. Mohammad Nazir Husein, Physician.
61    Do.    •••    147    Buldeo Sahai, Medical Practitioner.
62    Do.    173    Mohammad Sadiq, Hakim.
63    Do.    148    robin Chunder Mitter, Medical Practitioner.
64    Do.    149    Ramji Mull, Medical Practitioner.
65    Do.    15o    Kalli Baidji, Medical Practitioner.
66    Do.    151    Chandi Din. Medical Practitioner.
67    Do.    152    Gur Dutt, Medical Practitioner,
68    Do.    153    Amba Prasad, Private Practitioner.
69    Do.    174    Asghar Hosain, Native Physician.
70    Do.    175    Mohammad Ali, Yunani Doctor.
71    Do.    154    Nizam-ud-din Ahmed, Medical Practitioner.
72    Do.    155    Pandit Ram Dat, Physici: n.
73    Do.    156    Jogendra Nath Mullick, Medical Practitioner.
74    Do.    157    Brij Lal, Medical Practitioner.
75    Do.    158    Gopal Sahai, Medical Practitioner.
76    Do.    176    Mohammad Sarfraz Ali, Yunani Hakim.
77    Do.    159    Ganga Pershad, Medical Practitioner. Jagannath Misr, Native Physician.
78    Do.    177    
Superiors.
Punjab ...    35    Surgeon Major J. A. Cunningham, Civil Surgeon.
2    Do.    37    Rahim Khan, Khan Bahadur, Honorary Surgeon-Superintendent; Medical School.
3    Do.    34    Surgeon-Major G. W. P. Dennys, Civil Surgeon and Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum.
4    Do.    32    Surgeon-Major T. E L. Bate, Inspector-General of Prisons.
5    Do.    46    Dr. H. M. Clark, Medical Missionary.
Subordinates.
6    Do.    39    Thakur Das, Rai Bahadur, Assistant Surgeon.
7    Do.    40    Rai Bahadur Mehr Chand, Assistant Surgeon.
8    Do.    42    Jassa Ram, Hospital Assistant.
9    Do.    43    Jhande Khan. Hospital Assistant.
I0    Do.    41    Ram Narain, Assistant Surgeon._
II    Do.    38    Sahib Ditta, Assistant Surgeon.
12    Do.    44    Karam Elahi, Hospital Assistant, Lunatic Asylum.
13    Do.    •••    45    Gopal Das, Hospital Assistant, Lunatic Asylum.
Private Practitioners.
14    Do.    48    Hem Chandra Sen, Medical Practitioner.
15    Do.    49    Mathra Das, Medical Practitioner.
16    Do.    50    Pandit Mahadev, Medical Practitioner.
17    Do.    52    Narain Das, Medical Practitioner.
18    Do.    53    Pandit Jinar Dhan, Medical Practitioner.
19    Do.    51    Hakim Salimullah, Native Physician.
20    Do.    55    Shah Nawaz, Medical Practitioner.
Superiors.
C. P.    •••    38    Honorary Surgeon-Major J. E. Harrison, Civil Surgeon.
2    D.    •••    39    J. Prentie.
Subordinates.
3    Do.    •••    43    Mir Zamin Ali, pensioned Hospital Assistant.
4    Do.    •••    42    Muhammad Habibullah, H,soit,11 Assistant.
5    Do.    41    Doorga Das Sen, Assistant Surgeon.
Private Practitioner.
6    Do.    68    Rev. 0. Lohr, Missionary.
444    REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94.
Serial No.    Province.    No. of witness.    Name and Rank.
Superiors.
1    Madras...    85    Surgeon-Major W. G. King, Acting Sanitary Commissioner.
2    Do.    ...    99    Surgeon-Major A. J. Sturmer, District Surgeon.
3    Do.    ...    96    Surgeon-Major W. F. Thomas, District Surgeon.
4    Do.    •••    95    Surgeon-Major S. C. Sarkies, District Surgeon.
5    Do.    .••    98    Surgeon-Major R. Pemberton, Civil Surgeon.
6    Do.    ...    88    Surgeon-Major N. Chatterji,    Medical Officer in charge 18th
Madras Infantry.
7    Do.    105    Dr. A. Wells, Medical Officer.
8    Do.    97    Surgeon-Captain C. F. Fearnside, District Surgeon.
9    Do.    •^^•    89    Surgeon-Major H. A. F. Nailer, Acting District Surgeon.
Subordinates.
I0    Do.    •••    104    Mohammad Asadulla, Civil Apothecary.
II    Do.    •••    110    Ramanugulu Naidugaru, Hospital Assistant.
12    Do.    III    Chinny Sreenivasaru, Hospital Assistant.
13    Do.    123    Abdul Karim Sahib, Native Physician.
14    Do.    102    G. Vellones, Civil Apothecary.
15    Do.    113    Jagannadha Pandit, Hospital Assistant.
16    Do.    114    M. Maduranayagam Pillai, Hospital Assistant.
Do.    116    J. Parthasarathy Chetty, Hospital Assistant.
Do.    103    W. H. Daniel, Civil Apothecary.
Private Practitioners.
tq    Do.    ...    122    Hakim Nanneh Miyyah, Medical Practitioner.
20    Do.    ...    126    H. Rangappa, Medical Practitioner.
Superiors.
Bombay...    73    Surgeon-Major K R. Kirtikar, Civil Surgeon.
2    Do.    74    Surgeon-Colonel D. E. Hughes, Principal Medical Officer.
3    Do. ...    66    Surgeon-Major D. N. Parak, Surgeon to the Gokuldas Tejpal
Hospital.
4    Do.    ...    65    Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel    J.    Arnott,    Physician    in
charge St. George's Hospital.
Subordinates.
5    Do.    76    R. S. Bhikaji Amrit Chobhe, Assistant Surgeon.
6    Do.    82    B. H. Nanavatty, Assistant Surgeon, Teacher of Surgery and
Midwifery.
7    Do.    83    Bhau Succaram, Civil Hospital Assistant.
•••        
8    Do.    84    Rajani Lokaji, Civil Hospital Assistant.
•••        
9    Do.    85    Jamitaram Jayashankar, Civil Hospital Assistant.
•••        
I0    Do.    86    Sadashiv Waman, Civil Hospital Assistant.
•••        
II    Do.    87    Phirozsha Dinsha, Civil Hospital Assistant.
•••        
12    Do.    89    Parsan Singh, Civil Hospital Assistant.
13    Do.    •••    78    Anna Moreshwar Kunte, Assistant Surgeon.
Private Practitioners.
14    Do.    ...     95    Bhalchandra Krishna Bhatavadekar, Medical Practitioner.
15    Do.    ...    97    Ardesir Dadabhoy Mody, Medical Practitioner, Member, Muni- cipal Corporation.
16    Do.    ...    96    Ismail Jan Mahomed, Medical Practitioner.
17    Do.    ...    90    R. B. Vishram Ramji Ghollay, Medical Practitioner.
18    Do.    ...    93    Edalji Nasserwanji, Medical Practitioner.
19    Do.    ...    94    J. C. Lisboa, Medical Practitioner.
Superiors.
i    Sind    •••    16    Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Keith, Civil Surgeon and
Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum.
2    Do.    15    Brigade-Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel Bainbridge, Civil Surgeon.
18 E. Mackenzie, Assistant Surgeon.
23 Shaikh Ali, Civil Hospital Assistant.
20 J. E. Bocarro, Assistant Surgeon, Lecturer, Medical School.
Private Practitioner.
24 Dr. S. M. Kaka, Health Officer.
Superiors.
19 R. B. Roe, Surgeon-Major.    •
22 J. Morrison; Civil Surgeon.
24 S. Baijnath, Medical Officer, Mody Hospital.
25 J. H. Steinhoff, Medical Officer in charge Charitable Dispensary.
23 William John Montgomery, Civil Surgeon. Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel E. Fawcett, Staff Surgeon.*
Subordinates.
27 M. Doorgiah Pillay, 1st class Hospital Assistant.
28 M. Poonambalam Moodeliar, 1st class Hospital Assistant. Nubbee Khan, 1st class Hospital Assistant.*
Private Practitioners.
29 R. N. Mudholkar, L. M. & S., Private Medical Practitioner.
30 G. V. Khot, L. M., etc., Medical Practitioner.
Superior.
3 Surgeon-Major D. Ff. Mullen, Civil Surgeon.
Subordinate.
5 Asghar Ali Khan, Hospital Assistant.
Private Practitioners.
6 Abdul Kayum, Hakim.
7 Jati Amar Hansa, Baid.
4 Khan Bahadur Dr. Sheik Elahi Bux, Government Pensioner and Honorary Magistrate.
Subordinates.
4 Mohammad Yusuf, Hospital Assistant.
5 Waryam Singh, Hospital Assistant.
6 Mohammad Akbar Ali Khan, Senior Hospital Assistant.
7 Bhugwan Dass, Hospital Assistant.
Bilochistan

 

Note.—The italicized words are those that have been quoted in the Report, paragraphs 500 to 509.

I.—Surgeon-Major Macdonald, Civil Surgeon.—Number of witness-45.
Q. 45.—The effect of the drug in (a) moderation is prejudicial to morality and health of the people, and is apt to run into (b) excess, when without doubt it leads to insanity and destruction of brain power, often ending in the commitment of the most atrocious crimes in the way of men running amok as well as in a few instances to sexual atrocities.
2.—Bosonto Kumar Sen, Assistant Surgeon in Civil Medical charge, Bogra.—Number of
witness-119.
Q. 1.—As a medical man and service in ganja-produced districts. Q. 45.—Yes, the use of ganja and bhang produces noxious ejects. They weaken the constitution and produce loss of appetite.
They generally produce dysentery, asthma, and bronchitis.
They impair the moral sense, indulge laziness or habits of immorality or debauchery. A ganja smoker never talks in any important moral, social, or religious subject, nor does he mix with good people. He has got a circle of his own, where he indulges in loathsome conversation. Ganja produces insanity (mania), both temporary and permanent. In temporary variety the symptoms were seen to recur on use of the drug after liberation from restraint.
The typical symptoms of insanity are excessive talking, constant motion, insomnia, incoherent, trembling and violent and screaming. The insanes generally confess to their taking the drug.
Q. 46.—Ganja produces the symptoms as mentioned under the heading habitual moderate use of the drug in a greater degree
Oral 45.—My first three sentences here deal with the effect of ganja on health generally. My remarks are founded on personal experience. I have seen more than one person, about half a dozen in my village, Madhopara, in the Dacca district, suffering from dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma, who were also ganja smokers. They were all excessive smokers. These ejects do not follow the moderate, but the excessive use. It is a mistake to have put them under the moderate use. It is not always easy, however, to distinguish between the moderate and excessive, because moderation may go to excess. When I see a man I may think he takes it moderately. But when he is diseased I may come to know that he used it in excess stealthily.
All these people were habitual smokers, not occasional. From that I cannot exactly say that they used ganja in excess.
The fact that they were ganja smokers led me to believe that these effects were due to ganja. .I have seen many non-smokers suffering from these diseases. There are many causes that bring on dysentery, bronchitis, and asthma. But I did not discover any other causes in these cases. I have no recollection of ever treating any cases of dysentery, bronchitis or asthma caused by ganja. These cases are the basis of my remarks. I saw them in my own village with my own eyes. I do not remember any case of dysentery, bronchitis, or asthma in any ganja smoker which I attributed to any other cause. In other words, where I saw ganja smokers suffering from these diseases I attributed them to ganja. This was twenty years ago, before I was a medical student.
3.—Russick Lall Dutt, Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel, I. M. S., Officiating Civil Surgeon,
24-Parganas.—Number of witness-107.
Q. r.—Personal observation and experiments and intercourse with persons addicted to hemp habits in Bengal.
Q. 39.—The smoking of these preparations affects the nervous system directly, and is hence more injurious than eating or drinking. In the latter case the drug is slowly introduced through the digestive system, and exerts its effects slowly. Smoking is more deleterious to the nervous system, and gives rise to emaciation and other well-known symptoms. including insanity, sooner than drinking or eating the same drugs, Here, of course, I take the quantity to be equal both for smoking or drinking or eating purposes.
Q. 42.—Its use is always harmful, as it tends to increased consumption.
Q. 45.—As I previously observed, the habitual use of these drugs tends in most cases to excess. I have, however, seen several instances in hard-working and active men, where very moderate smoking of ganja or charas or moderate drinking of siddhi in infusion do not produce any appreciable effects. Among singers in Bengal, artizans, and mill workmen moderate habit entails no irnmediate injurious effects, but these moderate cases ore seldom long-lived. There is in them a slow and insidious undermining process going on in their digestive, respiratory, and nervous systems, which predispose them to acute diseases" and cut their lives short. Among these moderate users weak intellect and a dull moral sense are invariably seen. When imperceptibly moderation is exceeded, then symptoms of impairment of the constitution, digestion, and nervous system manifest themselves to the skilled observer.
By habitual moderate use I understand a couple of smokes a day or a tola of siddhi in infusion. Individual instances of slight impairment of body and mind I have seen, but I did not record.
Q. 46.—The use of these drugs tends to excess as previously observed. The effects of siddhi-drinking are slow, but ultimately merge into those arising from ganja or charas smoking. The smoker of ganja or charas is known by his appearance and habits. He is generally emaciated, and walks slowly by the less frequented paths and parts of roads. He is generally taciturn, inoffensive, or skulking in his habits. His face has a sunken appearance, and his eyes are often bloodshot, especially after a smoke, with dilated pupils. Physically, he becomes a ruin; morally, depraved ; and mentally, inane or insane. Excessive ganja or charas smoking results generally in two series of disorders—in the young and nervous individuals acute mania, followed by dementia. In the confirmed, old habituals there is gradual deterioration of body and mind, great emaciation, nervous disorders, great timidity, followed by impaired digestion, and, finally, an inveterate form of dysentery, cirrhosis of lung and liver. Ganja is a prolific source of insanity, curable in the young, but incurable in the old.
Q. 49.—These drugs are feeble aphrodisiacs, and are often used by immoral men and women as well as the upper classes of Muhammadans and Hindus who from abuse lose their sexual powers. Medicinally it is not injurious, and as such it is generally used. Excessive habitual use causes impotence. I have seen in more than a dozen instances.
4.—Gordon Price, Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel, I. M. S , Civil Surgeon.—Number of •    witness-1a.
Q. r.—During 2I years' service in India have frequently come across consumers of hemp drugs, and have conversed with them and with intelligent natives on the subject.
Q. 42.—I do not look upon the use of any of these drugs as harmless. I think the ten dency is for the habit, once commenced, to become excessive and harmful.
Q. 49.—When ganja is smoked to excess, impotence results often in eight to ten years.
Q. 57.—a. Regarding the well-known loss of memory caused by the habitual smoking of ganja there is a Bengali proverb :—" Ganja khaley baper nam bhuley jai." Re who smokes ganja forgets even his own father's name.
Regarding the difference between the results of bhang and ganja, there is another proverb :—"Sidhi khaley budhibarey; ganja khaley lukhy charey." The man who drinks bhang thrives ; he who takes ganja goes to the bad. (is deserted by the goddess Lukhi).
Note.—It is said' in paragraph 500 of the report that he was unable to answer. the juestion regarding effects."
5.—J. F. P. McConnell, Professor of Materia Medica, &c.,Medical College, Calcutta.—Number of witness-103.    •
Q. I.—No special opportunities, only such as have arisen in connection with my duties as a Medical Officer serving in Lower Bengal for over 22 years.
Q. 42.—Except as a medicine, I consider their use, even in moderate doses, to be harmful.
6.—Upendra Nath Sen, Officiating Civil Medical Officer.—Number of witness-418.
Q. z.---Ns a medical man and Superintendent of Jail, I had opportunities of obtaining information regarding matters connected with hemp drugs..
Q. 45.—Bronchitis and asthma are common complaints of ganja. smokers.
Q. 46.-1 believe habitual moderate or excessive use of ganja, like other forms of self-indulgence, grows into excess, and continued excess impairs the nervous system, throws the mind out of balance, and causes temporary insanity and undermines the constitution.
7.—Devendranath Roy, Teacher of Medical Jurisprudence, Campbell Medical. School.—
Number of witness—I 23.
Q. z.—Being in Government service for over twenty years, I have been, among other places, in Rajputaua, the North-Western Provinces, Behar, and Bengal, wher
hemp drugs are used by a large portion of people. Latterly, since r884, I have been in charge of a ward of the Campbell Hospital, where, among others, lunatics are treated, and many of them do use those drugs. •
Q. 42.—I do not consider it harmless, because it affects the brain. Any agent which causes derangement of it by stupefying it cannot be harmless when such condition is produced habitually.
Q. 45.—Those who smoke ganja not more than twice or thrice a day and can afford to get good food do not suffer in general health ; but the absence of good food will make the ganja smoker deteriorate in health. Mentally and morally all smokers fare alike. They become short-tempered and careless.
Bhang does not impair digestion, whereas ganja does.
Those of my patients who admitted of having been habitual ganja smokers suffered from dysentery or diarrhwa, but they had been exposed to conditions which produce those ailments. Hence I do not draw any conclusion as to ganja being the primary cause of those diseases.
Barring what I have indicated above, I have not seen a moderate ganja smoker becoming lazy or a debauch. Charas stupefies the smoker ; hence he becomes indolent and dull to all moral sense.
I do not know of any instance of moderate use of hemp drugs producing actual insanity. But it should be remembered what I call moderate use, i.e., two or three times a day.
Insanes who have no recorded ganja history do confess to the use of the drug. This confession comes when the patient is calm enough either to understand or to listen to what is said to him ; otherwise nothing can be got out of them, even whether they are hungry or not.
The other portions of this question will be answered in reply to the next question.
I know of persons becoming insane after the use of intoxicating drugs, and ganja especially, and they had no hereditary predisposition.
I do not know of any case in which insanity predisposed to the use of it.
Persons deficient. in self-control through weakened intellect will take to any intoxicating drink that they have facility to get, and will contract the habit of using it more easily than any other person.
Hemp, like other narcotics, is not used to soothe the brain. Dr. Reynolds speaks highly of Indian hemp as sometimes altogether removing pain in the head from a rare disease, cerebral tumour.
I know of people who, when very young, about 17 or 18 years old, contracted the habit of smoking ganja, and within a short time they became inveterate ganja smokers. After some four years or so they became insane temporarily. There was no family history of nervous disease of any sort.
Q. 53.—Excessive indulgence in ganja does incite to violent crime.
Oral.—If a man used any intoxicating drug often, I would accept that as a cause of the insanity ; not necessarily the only cause. I should not consider it necessary to prove actual excess. if he took it habitually, that would be enough. The reason is that I have seen people of weak mind who, if they take any intoxicating drug, go to excess. Hence, when I get the history of any insane taking these drugs, I bdo not stop to enquire whether it is in excess or not.
8.—Hari Mohan Sen, Assistant Surgeon.—Number of witness-128.
Q.    have made a study of the subject with a view to determine the effects of the
drug on the constitution of men. I have made personal investigations and examined cases.
Q. 4r.—The fishermen, the boatmen, the dak-runners, the palki-bearers, and the sweepers consume ganja under the idea that it gives them staying-power under severe exertions or exposure and alleviates fatigue. It is a mistaken idea. It simply deadens the feelings and sensibilities. While under its influence a man may bring into use all the
strength in him without feeling bad till all his strength is drained away, and he is left a complete wreck. Just as a man with a paralysed hand (the sensibility only being affected) would handle a piece of live charcoal till the hand is charred and dead and useless, he never feeling at any moment what had been coming on. This is the case with the insufficiently fed, poor, hard-working men. Those who can afford to eat up to the standard may keep off the injurious effects of the drug for a time, but ultimately they do succumb as well. I refer to the habitual use of the drug,
Q. 45.—Yes, ganja and charas particularly.
Ganja impairs the constitution in more than one way.
Yes.
Yes.
Yes ; a ganja-smoker is never a moral being. He or she is generally a debauchee. He is active as long as he lasts.
It does not deaden the intellect altogether. It produces insanity of a violent type, which generally has a religious element in it. It is often permanent.
A man takes to ganja-smoking not with a hope to obtain relief from mental anxieties, but for forgetting his physical wants when he is ill-fed and hard-worked, or for driving away the heaviness from an unoccupied mind, or for stimulating the carnal desires when he has got more than enough to enjoy.
9. 46.—Excessive ganja-smoking would occasionally cause temporary insanity, a mania of homicidal character. A man would commit murder under its influence. The habitual excessive use completely ruins a man, his intellect is gone, his moral faculties are dead, and his constitution is a wreck.
The effects of bhang-drinking on a man who never had it before are horrid. He never forgets them after he had experienced them once.
Q. 49.—Yes. It is so used by the prostitutes. Its use for this purpose is more injurious, or it has to be taken in less increasing just to keep up the exciting effect till the excessive excitement ends in impotence as its Just reaction.
Q. sr.—A large proportion of bad characters are habitual moderate consumers of ganja and siddhi. Moderate use deadens the moral faculty. Excessive use excites the will power to a high pitch and a man may commit any act of daring while so excited.
Q. 62.—It should be stopped as far as the Government is concerned. The people may cultivate a little for their private use or for medicinal purposes.
Q. 63.—The cultivation of the plant or the sale of the articles should not be in the hands of the Government. No countenance whatever should be given to the use of the drug.
Q. 64.-1 asked a ganja-smoker why he did take to the use of it. He said because it was brought to him ; otherwise he would never have sought it out.
Q. 68.—There are shops licensed for the sale of these drugs. These shops should be closed.
9.—Durga Dass Lahiri, Medical Practitioner.—Number of witness-132. Q. z.—From persons using hemp drugs.
Q. 45.—No.
No. )
No.
I have not seen any evil result mentioned wizen taken moderately, but it is very
No. I difficult to keep the moderation.
No.
Q. 46.—All the faculties—mental, physical, and moral—are impaired by the excessive use of the ganja-smoking.
Q. So.—The excessive use of the drug produces impotency and other injurious effects.
to.—Bijoya Ratna Sen, Kaviraj.—Number of witness—I51.
Q. r.—My replies are based to a considerable extent on my own experience in connection with my professional attainments.
9. 45.—The habitual moderate use of ganja or charas, but not of siddhi, may in some cases produce noxious effects, physically, mentally, and morally. It impairs the constitution. It injures the digestive power, and creates dvsentry, bronchitis, asthma, &c. It also impairs the moral sense and induces laziness, immorality, and debauchery.. It may also produce insanity both temporarily and permanently.
Q. 46.—The habitual excessive use of ganja and charas is generally found to cause all the above diseases.
I.—Ganga Pershad Sen, Kaviratna, Kaviraj.—Number of witness—I52.
Q. z.—My replies are based to a considerable extent on my own experience in conmection with my professional attainments.
Q. 45.—The habitual moderate use of ganja or charas, but not of siddhi, may in some cases produce noxious effects, physically, mentally, and morally.
It impairs the constitution.
It injures the digestive power.
It creates bronchitis, dysentery. and asthma. It also impairs the moral sense and induces laziness, immorality, and-debauchery.
It produces insanity, both temporarily and permanently.
Q. 46.—The habitual excessive use of ganja and charas is generally found to cause all the above diseases.
12.—D. Morison, M.B., C.M., M.D., Glasgow, Medical Missionary.—Number of witness-133•
Q. 1.-1 have lived for about fifteen years in Rampore Bouleah, and have had occasion to give the matter some attention, medically, socially, and morally. I am acquainted with the medicinal properties of the drug, and have observed its effects physically and morally on some natives, in whom I am interested as head of this mission.
Q. 4r.—The moderate use of ganja is not beneficial in any way whatever—
(a) It overstimulates the appetite, causing the smoker to gorge himself with food which he cannot digest, and thus leading to indigestion.
(b) It does give staying-power, but the reaction is severe. It demands thstimuo: lant again, or the smoker is quite helpless and useless.
(c) It is never used as a febrifuge ; indeed, if a ganja-smoker has an attack fever, he dare not indulge in his usual pipe, as it aggravates his condi- tion. The ganja-smoker is as liable to fever as others. It has no prophylactic power in malarious districts.
Q. 42.—I do not consider the smoking of ganja harmless even in moderation.
9, 45.—(1) It impairs the physical organism, saps the muscular energy by overstimulation, and leads to loss of muscular vigour, producing emaciation.
(2) It produces severe constipation, which causes indigestion and impairment of the alimentary functions.
(3) The constipation leads to dysentery by retention of faeces in the bowel.
(4) In old smokers asthma and bronchitis are common, especially asthma.
(5) It utterly demoralizes a young lad.
Q. 52.—The smoker who uses the drug to excess will ruin his home by selling off his goats, cows, and effects rather than do without it. He thus becomes its slave, and may be induced by the craving to steal to supply his wants.
13.—Pyari Sankar Dass Gupta, L.M.S., Medical Practitioner, Secretary, Bogra Medical
Society.—Number of witness*-134.
Q. 1.-1 am a medical practitioner, and have personally observed cases of ganja intoxication.
Q. 43.—Even moderate smokers get intoxicated, and their rude behaviour makes them repulsive to their neighbours.
Q. 45.—Its moderate habitual use is also attended with baneful results.
It undoubtedly produces injurious results to the constitution ; even strong men are pulled down by its continual use. A lea; haggard, rude face, with eyes red and in the socket, a bony frame, indicates a ganja-smoker.
It first produces increased appetite, not satisfied by any food, and its long-continued use, loss of appetite.
Canja-smokers generally die of bloody dysentery, asthma, and phthisis, and hcemoptysis,&c.
Ringer says : " Indulged in for a long time, it produces loss of strength, trembling, and much mental weakness."
Of all the ganja-smokers that I have seen, I have not seen any moral or religious man taking intelligent interest in any good subject.
It produces insanity, generally mania. Delusions of senses, a sort of dual consciousness, give succession to unsound mind. Healthy boys have been attacked after a debauch, and restored to health on discontinuing it. I have also seen a menial spending his last pie in the ganja shop.
Q. 46.—Excessive smokers generally ruin their health sooner, hastening their death, or soon getting into a state of non compos mentis, and become inmates of lunatic asylums, whose statistics will amply show the truth of the assertion.
In my opinion Indian hemp is a drug which has very few things to be spoken of in its favour, and its growth and use in any shape is an unmixed evil. It is true that it has certain medicinal properties, but it does not necessarily follow that it should be habitually used, for the most inveterate poisons are sometimes the most valuable restorers of life.
In conclusion, I bea to bring to the notice of the Commission that, as the mission of the benign English Government is to deliver a degraded people from centuries of degradation, it is high time to remove such a pernicious article from its patronage, and remove a temptation from the path of the misguided and weak people who are ruining their families and themselves by this most degrading habit. It is a scandal that such a pernicious thing is yet allowed to exist under so civilized, benevolent and Christian Government.
• NoTE.—The evidence of this witness is important and the whole is worth reading. Here an extract only has been given.
4.—Piyari Mohan Kaviraj, Native Physician.—Number of witness—I54.
Q. 45.—Yes ; it causes constipation, affects the brain, and consequently leads the consumer to commit acts of criminality.
Yes ; it impairs the constitution.
Yes, it injures the digestion and finally causes loss of appetite.
Yes, I know it causes dysentery, and I believe owing to its heating power it can cause bronchitis or asthma.
Yes, it impairs the moral sense and induces laziness and habits of immorality, as it affects the brain.
I have come across several cases in which the excessive use of ganja and siddhi has produced insanity. In those cases it has appeared to me to be both the exciting and the predisposing cause. Insanity produced by it is of the same type as ordinary insanity. In some cases it was temporary and in others permanent. The symptoms may be re-induced by the use of the drug after liberation from restraint. Yes ; persons deficient in self-control through weak intellect are most apt to get insanity by the use of hemp drugs.
15.—Dr. Mohammad Sadrul Haq, Medical Practitioner.—Number of witness from-139.
Q. 37.—There is no difference of any particular type in their injurious effects ; but the effects of charas are more powerful and lasting and those of bhang are mild. Charas and ganja act on the brain and spinal cord, paralyzing more or less motor and sensory nerves ; consequently the loss of energy, exertion, appetite, and sexual power, and also timidity, laziness, and emaciation, are their ultimate results.
Q. 4r.—The use of any of these preparations have always been injurious.
(a) None of these is ever used as an accessory or digestive food.
(b) It does not produce staying power nor does it alleviate fatigue.
(c) They are never used as febrifuge.
Q. 42.—The use of these drugs is never without any harm.
Q. 45.—Certainly they produce noxious effects on the moral and physical constitu-
tion.
16.—Trailokya Nath Majumdar, L.M.S., Medical Practitioner.—Number.    of witness-14o.
Q. i.—From cases that have come under my observation in the capacity of a private citizen as well as a medical practitioner.
Q. 37.--Ganja-smoking cannot be easily given up, whilst the habit of drinking bhang can ; the habit in the former case is more readily formed than in the latter.
Ganja-smoking is always injurious to health, whilst bhang is not so. On the 'other hand, bhang, if taken in moderate quantity, keeps the digestive organs in good order. Ganja has a tendency to deprave the morals of a man. Bhang does not do so. Ganja-smoking carried to excess causes in most cases insanity. Bhang does not affect the system so injuriously. .Ganja has a tendency to affect the respiratory system, thereby causing in many cases asthma and bronchitis.
Q. 48.—In cases of insanity of a permanent nature, caused by excessive smoking, any issue after the insanity has become permanent may be similarly affected.
17.—Prasad Das Mallik, Doctor.—Number of witness-14x.
Q. 1.—Special study, observation, and enquiry have furnished me with information regarding matters connected with hemp drugs, which forms the basis of my answers.
Q. 45.—Yes, it impairs the constitution after long use, causes loss of appetite and injures digestion. May be an indirect cause of bronchitis, dysentery, and asthma. Impairs the moral sense, induces laziness, and leads to insanity and debauchery. It deadens the intellect and produces insanity only in those who are predisposed to it or whose nervous system is weak and exciteable. The insanity is, as a rule, of the violent type and is temporary. The symptoms may be re-induced by use of the drug after liberation from restraint. A murderous propensity is a typical symptom of this form of insanity. Yes, insanes confess to the use of the drug, though they have no recorded ganja history.
Q 46.—The bad effects are more marked. Most cases of insanity are to be attributed to the habitual excessive use of ganja.    '
9. so.—The excessive use of any of these drugs leads to impotence.
18.—Nimai Charan Das, Medical Practitioner.—Number of witness-142. Q. 45.—Y es ; it impairs constitution.
Yes.
Yes.
Certainly it does.
Yes ; they deaden the intellect and produce temporary insanity. Q. 49.—Yes; they are used by the prostitutes as an aphrodisiac. Hemp, if taken for a long time, produces impotence.
I9.—Durga Nath Chakravarti, Assistant Surgeon in charge of Tongail Dispensary (Mymen-
singh).—Number of witness—Iso.
Q. 1.—I am a resident of Tongail and practising here for these fifteen years. Ganja consumption is very great here. I have seen many ganja-smokers myself.
Q. 42.-1 do not think their moderate use to be beneficial and necessary. They are not essential for the sustenance of our health and life.
Q. 15.—Produces a tendency to take in excess. No.
Ganja causes dysentery after a long use.
Generally not. Occasionally we meet such cases.
Yes. It is only after a long use. I saw only one case. It is of a permanent type. Temporary type is not rare. A man often forgets of his action under ganja when in sane moments.
Q. 46.-1 have seen some twenty persons who became insane under excessive ganja-smoking. Some of then are raving mad. The madness is permanent. They get temporary excitements. Somewhere these excitements were due to the temporary abstinence of the drug and somewhere to their excessive use. In the neighbourhood of my residence a woman of middle class died from dysentery and was a hard ganja smoker. Her one son, a hard ganja smoker, became stark mad, and another son, a very good intelligent man, a few years since has become insane. They keep up intelligence and reasoning power except during excitement, but are incapable. to conduct business and to manage their own affairs and cannot be in any way trusted.
20.—Tara Nath Bal, L.M.S., Medical Practitioner, Bengal.—Number of witness-143.
Q. .r.—As a medical practitioner I have had to come in contact with different classes of people from highest to lowest, from Rajah Maharajah to the meanest cultivator with whose habits and customs it is essential on my part to become thoroughly acquainted.
Q. 45.—Yes. Yes.
It causes dysentery and bronchitis ; a ganja-smoker generally (of course habitual consumer) dies of dysentery.
To a considerable extent.
Moderate use of the drug, particularly ganja, continuously may not utterly deaden the intellect, but certainly it is impaired considerably. It is an established fact, and supported by many an Indian authority on the subject, that ganja is one of the chief causes of insanity ; in my opinion, it appears to be an exciting cause. Generally it produces insanity of a violent type. Majority of habitual consumers become permanently insane, never to be cured. Some become temporarily so, and become sane on breaking off the habit. Symptoms are apt to be re-induced on resuming the habit. I am aware of one person, by name Bhakta Poddar, in this district, who was a confirmed ganja smoker, to become insane under its continuous use, and he was not fit for any duty in life ; but after some years I found him sane. On inquiry I learnt that some mental anxiety about some family matters tended to give rise to indulgence in the use of ganja. I am not in a position to declare positively whether this question has been sufficiently considered in explaining the connection between insanity and the use of ganja.
Q. 46.—To this question I should reply that what has been said about the habitual moderate use of the drug (ganja) on the consumers appears in the aggravated form in cases of habitual excessive use, and the effects apt to be more rapid in these cases.
Q. 57.—(a).As a nearly permanent resident of the district I am in a position to say, both from information obtained through reliable sources and from personal observation, that the use of ganja is very extensive in the district among low class people. I am of opinion that bhang is less injurious than ganja, and it is rarely apt to be taken to excess. Under several heads I have expressed opinions regarding effects on human beings produced by the moderate and excessive use of the drug habitually—opinions formed by study of pharmacology, personal observation, and occasionally experiment on my own person and from all these I am led to believe that these drugs, except for bond fide medicinal purposes, are more or less injurious in their effects on the human body.
21.—Nocoor Chander Banerji, Medical Practitioner.—Number of witness-144.
Q. 1.—I was in the medical service of Government and am now in medical practice. More than 26 years have passed away during which I am engaged in medical profession.
NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL CHAND.    453
Q. 42.—Moderate use is beneficial under such conditions, but through the continued use it becomes harmful. There is another danger, as from the moderate use it leads to excessive consumption, and is thus productive of the pathogenetic effects of the drugs.
45. Yes ; the habitual moderate use of any of these drugs produces noxious effects. It impairs constitution, injures digestion, or causes loss of appetite. It causes bronchitis, dysentery, and asthma. It impairs moral sense, induces laziness, and habits of debauchery are formed. It produces ill-effects on the brain, producing insanity. It might prove as an exciting cause of insanity where there is heredity of the disease.
(Note.—The witness has cited several cases.)
22.—Luchmy Narain Naik, Medical Practitioner.—Number of witness-145.
Q. I.—I was educated in the Government Medical School at Cuttack, and got the diploma of V. L. M. S. (Vernacular Class Hospital Assistant). I am 32 years of age, and I have been practising medicine for the last ten years privately.
Q. 42.—It is not at all beneficial ; on the contrary harmful, as it disturbs the proper actions and disorganizes the proper functions of some useful organs.
Q. 45.—Yes, it produces noxious effects mentally, morally, and physically. It affects the lungs and also produces insanity, which has been mentioned above. I am told a man in the habit of smoking ganja murdered his mother just after smoking, and afterwards, when the reaction set in, looking at the stream of blood flowing from his wounded mother, went to murder the man by whom he was induced to the habit of smoking ganja.
Q. 45.—Moderate use of ganja leads to the excessive use. The habitual moderate consumers as well as the excessive consumers surer in their lungs and become insane. My definition of a moderate consumer is a man who takes as much as his habit has enabled him to stand without becoming insensible. A man who takes two pice worth is moderate, and a man who takes two annas worth may be moderate for him, i.e., if he can stand it. No intoxicant can be taken in moderation except when administered medicinally.
23.—Surgeon-Captain J. C. Vaughan, T. G. Charles, Esq., District Superintendent of
Police, Haji Imdad Ali, Sub-Committee District Board, Monghyr.—Number of
witness-25o.
9. 45.—The habitual moderate use of bhang is held to be not injurious.
With regard to ganja—
(a) It affects the physique and gradually impairs digestion. If moderately used, increases appetite. Without proper food must weaken digestion ; causes dysentery if used in excess. Produces laziness, but not immorality or debauchery.
If used in excess, deadens the intellect and produces insanity of a permanent type : sometimes with melancholia and other times with a homicidal tendency.
24.—Girish Chandar De, L.M.S.—Number of witness-237.
I have seen so much of the evils caused by the drugs that restriction appears to me necessary. I have found people become pale and emaciated on beginning to smoke ganja, and after three or four months to become thoroughly changed for the worse, mentally and physically. I judge that these are the effects of the drug, because people before using the drugs were healthy and bright and intelligent. I have seen their effects in members of families I have visited in the course of my practice. I can remember at least a dozen cases which showed the above changes in three months. All these were sons of families I visited, and, except in one case, the other members of the families did not smoke. The young men were scapegraces, who had taken to evil courses against the will of their families.
Kalighat is probably worse than any other part of Calcutta in the matter of ganja-smoking, and it is the evil effects I have seen there which make my heart bleed and make me wish to lay my views regarding restriction before Government.
Ganja is worse than alcohol. Alcohol does not make people so utterly useless and worthless as ganja does, at least among respectable families. Among the lower classes also, I think, ganja is the more harmful. This is my experience in Kalighat.
Punjab.
I.—Surgeon-Major J. A. Cunningham, M.D., I.M.S., Civil Surgeon.—Number
of witness-35.
Q. z.—I have been for six months in charge of the lunatic asylum at Delhi, 18 months in charge of that at Lahore, and have been for over twelve years in the service in India.
Q. 42 —I consider the moderate habitual use of hemp drugs to be harmful. I consider the tendency to be towards excess ; and excessive use is certainly productive of insanity in persons probably predisposed. The habitual use of hemp drugs leads to wasting of the tissues either by its direct action or from insufficient food being taken. It also predisposes to, or causes, chest affections
Q. 45.—The habitual moderate use in a person liable to insanity would tend to bring on insanity.
It also tends to wasting of the tissues and emaciation. No moral defects. The constitution is weakened.
Charas and ganja smoked would impair digestion. Charas and ganja smoked cause chest affections, but not "dysentery."
It would induce laziness and want of thrift, which is a moral defect. Would not induce active immorality or debauchery.
It dulls the intellect, and in predisposed persons produces insanity of the mania type, usually temporary, unless some organic cause also exists. In temporary cases symptoms would be reinduced by use of the drug. There are no special symptoms. Insanes who were addicted to the use of the drug admit it and crave for it.
I do not think that the moderate use of the drug would induce insanity in a person of strong and healthy intellect, but in unstable people I think it might do so.
I do not think that weakness of intellect often leads to the use of the drug in this country ; but, when such people use it, they are likely to lose their balance.
Having severed my connection with lunatic asylums before the appointment of this Commission, I made no special enquiries or investigations on this point, and my impressions gained during ordinary observation guide me in the opinions above expressed.
Q. 46.—The excessive use of the drugs would have a much greater and more deleterious effect than the moderate use, and would probably be quite sufficient to cause insanity or serious disease in originally quite healthy people. It would greatly impair moral sense and tend to debauchery, just as excessive indulgence in alcohol notoriously does.
The use of the drugs tends to produce impotence.
2.—Rahim Khan, Khan Bahadur, Honorary Surgeon, Superintendent, Medical School,
Lahore.—Number of witness-37.
Q. 1.—My long residence in the Punjab (33 years), and my connection with the out door department of the Lahore Medical Co lege Hospital for the same period, have afforded me ample opportunities of obtaining information regarding the uses and effects and other matters in connection with hemp drugs.
Q. 45.—Charas.—Even the habitaal moderate use of ciaras brings on chest affection, and incapacitates the consumer f 'r work.
Mentally, charas impairs the intellect, and may bring on insanity.
Morally, it makes him despicable and shameless, and, being incapable for work, he either takes to thieving or begging alms.
When charas produces insanity it is generally temporary, and the symptoms may be re-induced by use of the drug al ter liberation from restraint. The insanity is of the type of melancholia or dementia. There are no typical symptoms that I know of.
Q. 46.—Since the habitual moderate use of charas is injurious physically and morally, the habitual excessive use of the drug must bring on those symptoms in an aggravated. form and in less time.
Oral 45.-1 do believe that even the moderate use of charas may cause insanity The basis of this opinion is that in my experience " charasis," as a rule, become very irritable. I call ten or twelve eh:111,ms, costing one or two annas in the 24 hours moderate use. I know of no more moderate use than that. I know of no case of a man using only one or two chillums a day. I would call a man taking one or two annas worth a day a "charasi."
3.—Surgeon-Major Geo. Dennys, Superintendent of the Lunatic Asylum at Delhi.—
Number of witness-34.
Q. 1.-1 have been a Civil Surgeon in the Punjab during the last tii years, and for the last three years have held charge of the lunatic asylum at Delhi. In the latter appointment I have had exceptional opportunities of studying the symptoms of toxic insanity due to the use of hemp drugs.
Q. 42.—I have known several natives who occasionally indulged in bhang as a drink and seem to be none the worse for it. Charas-smokers, on the contrary, nearly always appear more or less weak-minded, have bad memories, and are eccentric in their habits, if not actually insane.
Q. 45.—Charas-smokers, even in moderation, are generally emaciated and in poor health, and are depraved creatures both mentally and physwally. This :s not the case with moderate consumers of bhang as far as I have been able to gather. The excessive habitual use of charas and bhang does, in my opinion, tend to produce insanity in individuals who have a predisposition that way, but I do not think the drug would cause insanity in every case, even when indulged in very largely. It is the exciting cause, not the pre- disposing cause. The insanity is nearly of an excitable noisy kind. The patient talks incoherently, is restless, sings or weeps, and is never still for a moment. He has no particular delusions or hallucinations, but loses all sense of modesty and decency, is filthy in his habits, and often abusive and violent, though I have never known a lunatic of this kind do any actual harm to any one.
He is seldom or never homicidally or suicidally inclined. There are no symptoms peculiar to this form of insanity. The large proportion of cases I have seen were people of low caste and with little or no education. I do not think mental disease or anxiety tends to make a man resort to hemp. Toxic insanes always readily admit having used the drug. The insanity is temporary and the patients always recover if kept away from the drug, but there is tendency to a return to the habit when released from the asylum, and in such cases the patient generally becomes insane again after a short time.
Q. 53. Oral.—[My two papers may be amalgamated as one.] For " insane " the word "weak-minded" should be substituted. My experience of charas-smokers is in the asylum and in the jails. In the jails I find them utterly useless. The man tells you he smokes because he hopes to get off work, for a charas-smoker is a useless man with rotten physique : he is emaciated and unfit for hard labour. My remark applies to moderate as well as excessive smokers. I know a fakir who professes to be a moderate smoker. I do not know where to draw the line between moderate and immoderate. It really depends on how ,often and how rapidly a man inhales the smoke from his chillum.
4.—Surgeon-Major T. E. L. Bate, Inspector-General of Prisons, Punjab.—Number of
witness-32.
Q 45.—While in charge of the Delhi Lunatic Asylum I saw many cases of insanity in which the patients and their friends attributed the condition to the use of one or other of these drugs. In my experience such cases recover quickly. I believe that mental anxiety, excessive ganja or charas smoking, and insanity constitute a not uncommon sequence of events. Persons suffering from mania induced by the use of these drugs are generally talkati ie and not uncommonly indecent in their behaviour. Many of the persons I saw suffering from the use of these drugs were of distinctly weak intellect, but I am unable to say to what extent this condition was natural or induced by the practice.
Q. 45.—There can, 1 believe, be no doubt that the excessive use of these drugs is distinctly harmful. Charas-smokers not uncommonly present a very cachectic appearance ; but it is difficult to say how far this may be due to the habit or to some other condition of life. It may often be the case of a weakly individual taking to a habit for the temporary relief or strength it affords him.
Q. 48.—I believe the habitual excessive use of these drugs renders the consumers more or less impotent. Excessive charas-smokers commonly remain celibate.
5.—Dr. H. M. Clark.—Number of witness-46.
•    I am a Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery of the University of Edinburgh.
My experience of India is confined to the Central Punjab. I have been a medical missionary in connection with the Church Missionary Society since 1882 with my head quarters at Amritsar, and have done a great deal of work in the villages of the Amritsar and parts of the Sialkot and Gurdaspur districts.
The hemp drugs are true narcotics like alcohol and opium. As far as my experience goes, the effects of hemp are always and altogether bad. It is neither a food nor a work-producer. It is a stimulant of the worst sort. If it is smoked in the form of charas its effects are very much more speedy and the ruin more complete than if it is drunk or eaten as bhang or Majum. Majum is the least deleterious of the three as it is eaten, while bhang is drunk and charas smoked I can find no other word to describe the effects of charas than that they are frightful. It is ruinous mentally, morally, and physically. It produces a peculiar emaciation which can never be forgotten when once seen. It is largely a determining cause of insanity in this country. The effects of the drug as eaten and drunk do not appear so soon and are not so well marked, though they are the same in kind. All, if persisted in, produce ruin in the man.
As regards cha-as, I think there can be no such thing as moderate use, if we mean such use as will not leave any permanent bad effect cn the system. In whatever quantity it is used it is bound to be deleterious. My experience is probably wider among the private life of the people than among patients at dispensaries. The former sort of intercomy has been principally in the villages, because it is there that I meet fakirs a 'd devotee, who are the chief consumers. The peasantry do not use the drug to any larg extent.
456    REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94.
My impressions are based both on my experience and my medical knowledge. My experience of the effects of charas is mainly derived from cases of consumption by fakirs and other religious devotees. I have not had any of these persons under prolonged observation, but I have observed them long enough to form an estimate of their health.
I believe it is possible to use bhang and majum in moderation and without bad effects ; but from what I have seen I cannot believe that a moderate use of charas is possible. I have known men to use bhang quite moderately.
6.—Thakur Das, Rai Bahadur, Assistant Surgeon.—Number of witness-39.
Q. 45.—Moderate habitual use of bhang is probably quite free from any noxious effects—physically, morally, or mentally.
Not bhang.
Not bhang, but abuse of charas brings on bronchitis and asthma.
No; except probably-slight laziness in those who already enjoy sedentary habits.
Long-continued use of charas contributes a fair proportion to the inmates of lunatic asylums. They are generally maniacs, and in many cases it is temporary. The symptoms may be reinduced by use of the drug. I have known insanes confess use of charas.
In mental anxiety and brain diseases bhang is useful for its soothing effects.
7.—Rai Bahadur Mehr Chand, Assistant Surgeon.—Number of witness-4o.
Q. 1.-1 have been in Jullunder and Amritsar districts for the past eighteen years, where I obtained information regarding matters connected with hemp drugs.
Q. 42.—The moderate use of bhang is not injurious, and it produces no ill-effects on the vital organs of the body.
Charas is injurious because it affects the brain primarily and the general constitution secondarily.
• Q. 43.—Moderate consumers of bhang are inoffensive to their neighbours. Charas smokers are, no doubt, a nuisance to the public.
Q, 45.—The moderate use of bhang produces no noxious effect. Charas, if used moder. ately, is very injurious. It produces general weakness of the brain, leading to insomnia, impairs vision ; brings on bronchitis and asthma, and general irritation of the respiratory organs, indigestion and dysentery. It impairs moral sense and induces laziness. It deadens intellect, and in some cases causes insanity, melancholia, and, in a few cases, mania. In many cases the insanity is temporary, while in a few it is permanent. If temporary, the symptoms are again brought on by use of the drug. After liberation from restraint the symptoms are generally of melancholic nature. The people in this province don't use ganja, as insanity is specially due to charas-smoking. I don't know any cases of insanity relieved by the use of hemp ; nor do I know any cases in which insanity brought on indulgence in the use of hemp by a person of weakened intellect.
Q. 46.—The excessive use, even of bhang, would lead to the symptoms mentioned in answer to question 45, and the excessive use of charas would produce the worst results as stated above.
Q. 45. Oral.—The moderate use of charas may exceptionally produce insanity ; but my remarks as to effects refer mainly to the excessive use. Moderate use would only produce insanity in the case of persons with weak intellect. By that I mean taking the drug to the extent of one or two chillums.
My experience is based on persons coming as patients to the hospital. As to dysentery, I saw a case of a man who said he was a charas-smoker, and took an excessive dose, and it brought on dysentery. I had doubts as to this being the cause. But I think charas may injure the digestion and predispose to dtarrhcea or dysentery. I have not enough of cases to be able to say that the drug really produces dysentery. I am not certain. But I have had a case or two with allegations as to this being the cause, and I had no other cause. I ought to say rather " it may produce" than "it does produce" dysentery.
8.—Jassa Ram, Hospital Assistant.—Number of witness-42.
Q. —I am serving in the Dera Ghazi Khan district as native doctor since the last thirty years. My information is based on local knowledge and on personal experience gained by coming in contact with the general public.
Q. 45.—Charas-smoking causes asthma, loss of appetite, and brain diseases. It also induces debauchery.
Q. 46.—The excessive charas-smoking dims the eyesight, causes general debility. The same is the case with bhang. Laziness and forgetfulness follow as a matter of course. The excessive consumer of bhang or charas cannot even earn his livelihood to satisfy his wants.
Q. 49.—The moderate consumption of bhang or charas is sometimes certainly practised as an aphrodisiac by prostitutes and immoral women. The use of the hemp plant produces impotency.
9.—Jhande Khan, Hospital Assistant, No. 57, City New Branch Dispensary.--Number
Of Witness-43.
Q. I.—In private practice I have often treated patients who were habitual consumers of the drugs (bhang, charas and ganja), ani am therefore in a position to answer the question by my personal experience.
Q. 44.—The use of these three drugs produces intoxication, makes the head giddy, creates appetite and refreshes the consumers. The lasting of the intoxication depends upon the quantity used and the habits of the consumers.
Q. 45 —The moderate use of these drugs is likely to produce injurious elects—physical, mental, and moral.
Yes ; the body becomes emaciated and weak.
It first sharpens the appetite and afterwards injures digestion.
Yes.
Yes; but it does not produce the habit of debauchery.
Yes.
Yes ; it first produces temporary insanity, which is the cause of developing into permanent insanity afterwards. The lunatics, after their release from the lunatic asylums, are liable to become insane again by the use of these drugs. Such lunatics are in the habit of laughing much, and this disease is called " laughing insanity."
Q. 46.—The habitual excessive consumers become quite worthless and mad.
Q. 49.—No ; the prostitutes often use it as a sedative. The use of hemp produces impotence.
Q. 56.—Moderation also produces injurious effects, and there is a tendency for excess, the consequences of which are worse than those of the former.
to.—Ram Narain, Assistant Surgeon, Delhi.—Number of witness-41.
Q. 4 2. —Habitual use of either of these drugs even in moderation, affects the mind to some extent. I know a good many of the habitual consumers, and I have noticed that they are dull headed and have bad memories. Several of them are eccentric and seem to have some aberration of mind.
Q. 45. The charas smokers (even moderate) do not look strong and healthy. As the use of this is among the low classes, whose morals are doubtful even prior to its use, it cannot be said with certainty whether charas-smoking causes immorality, sometimes seen in them, or the influence of society. Their mental powers become deranged, ana bronchitis and asthma are also often met with in them.
Excessive use of charas produces lung affections and insanity. I have seen many charasis who, though not so insane and violent as to be kept in a lunatic asylum, have some mental aberration.. They wander about the city and wherever they find any party of charasis mix with them and smoke. They keep themselves on begging. Some of these are considered to be men who have acquired supernatural powers. They are called fakirs of the high order and worshipped wherever they go.
In connection with the use of these drugs and the insanity, I may mention the case of a man whom I know from my boyhood and who lives in the same street where I live. He is a Brahmin by caste, and his name is Gojar. He has been several times in Delhi lunatic asylum. He was a very strong man before he commenced charas-smoking (a regular pahlwan and athletic). For several years he smoked charas and drunk bhang as well, and then began to show symptoms of insanity. These were at first very wild, and he was quite inoffensive. When he became violent he was sent to the lunatic asylum, from where he returned several times as cured. But soon after his return he began smoking charas and again became maniac.
His insanity now is periodic and the symptoms of insanity are re-induced by the use of charas. When he is all right he does his work very well and speaks very civilly to every body. The first symptoms of the disease shown by his consioering himself a king or a god, and by his going to Marghat, a place near Jumna river, where Hindus burn their dead bodies.
1.—Assistant Surgeon Sahib Ditta, Government service, in medical charge of hospital,
Multan.—Number of witness-38.
Q. 1.—During my service of over 26 years I have known many a people who con• sume hemp drugs (bhang particularly).
Q. 45.—Yes, ganja and charas do, but not bhang. Yes, ganja and charas do.
Yes, ganja and charas do.
Not known.
Ganja and charas, it is said, do.
Yes, it is said so.
Q. 49.—Yes, ganja and charas tend to produce impotence.
Q. 51.—Yes, bad characters in large towns are often moderate habitual consumers of bhang, charas, &c.
12.—Karm Elahi, Hospital Assistant, Lahore.—.Number of witness-44.
Q. 1.—By practice of 25 years, out of which for 13 years I have had charge of the Civil Hospital at Jhelum with a population of 16,o3o souls.
Q. 42.—The habit of moderate use of these drugs is not without a harm. The habit of these drugs weakens the constitution and energy and makes lazy. The subjects of the habit become indifferent in temper. Their faces become withered up and pale, eyes peculiar and not fully attentive to their work. But bhang does not affect the system to such extent as ganja and charas.
Q. yrs.—Yes; the moderate use of these drugs to some extent produce the noxious effects, physical, mental, and moral.
Yes ; it weakens the constitution.
Yes ; it injures the digestion and causes loss of appetite subsequently.
I have not seen a single case of dysentery caused by the practice; of course, cases of chronic cough and asthma. Yes ; it impairs the moral senses and induces laziness or habit of immorality or debauchery, whether through the influence of the drug or of the society. Yes ; it affects the intellects and to some extent is productive of insanity, if taken in large quantity and for a long time. Under these circumstances, as far as I can think, it serves as an exciting cause, because the insanity has only been noticed amongst men previously indifferent in temper or rather of melancholy appearance.
t3.—Gopal Dass, Hospital Assistant and Deputy Superintendent, Lunatic Asylum, Delhi.—
Number of witness-45.
Q.    have been a Hospital Assistant in. Punjab during the last 19 years, and for
the last 16 months have held charge of the Lunatic Asylum, Delhi.
Q. 42.—The daily use of all these drugs is injurious to mental-physical strength of the human body.
Q. 4s —The charas-smokers are generally emaciated and weaker, and depress their intellectual powers. This always produces cough and loss of appetite. It impairs the moral sense and induces habit of immorality. All kinds of hemp drugs can produce insanity. In some cases it becomes an exciting cause and in others a predisposing cause of insanity.
It produces temporary insanity, not permanent. The symptoms can be re-induced by use of the drug after release from the asylum, and several lunatics of this kind are re-ad. mitted in the asylum many times.
The insanity is always of an excitable and noisy kind ; the patient sometimes sings and at other times weeps.
Q. 46. The habitual and excessive use of charas certainly produces toxic insanity.
14.—Babu Hem Chandra Sen, L.M.S., Medical Practitioner.—Number of witness-48.
Q. 1.—I have had frequent occasions to treat confirmed charas-smokers, and cases of insanity brought about by ganja-smoking as well as cases of bhang-poisoning with dhatura.
Q. 42.—These drugs are never harmless, as they gradually produce seminal weakness and deaden the intellectual faculties. These effects are produced gradually by constant use, as we find it makes people unfit for work, physical or mental.
Q. 45 —The habitual moderate use of these drugs, when taken in moderation, are found to impair the constitution physically by causing depression of spirits ; it brings on languor and lassitude. Charas and ganja always bring on bronchitis and asthma if very large quantities are smoked. It brings on dysentery also. It first of all produces false appetite, but gradually spoils digestion. Only we do not find bhang consumers suffer much for want of appetite. But this much is to be said, that there is always moral depravity in the case of charas and ganja, but not so much in the case of bhang. As for charas and ganja being the exciting cause of insanity, I know three or four cases ; but in one case I know there was no other predisposing cause also. But insanity is in these cases generally temporary ; but, if not properly taken care of, it becomes permanent. Can't say whether the use of these drugs would bring on the return of insanity or not, as it has never been tried, and as for insanity causing a tendency to the use of the drug I know nothing.
x5.—Mathra Das, Medical Practitioner.—Nuritber of witness-49.
Q. 1.—I have for abut forty years practised as a physician, and have frequently had under my treatment patients suffering from injuries caused by such intoxicant drugs.
I knew the antecedents of those patients, and am therefore acquainted with the good or bad effects of the drugs.
45.—The consumption of the drug, whether moderate or excessive, is productive of evil results—physical, intellectual, and moral.
It has on many an occasion come under observation that the bodies of charas-smokers, though stout and strong (originally) become gradually emaciated and lean notwithstanding their taking rich diet. Their complexion grows pale, as if no blood were left in the body, and they becomefeeble. It (charas) also impairs the intellect and affects the understanding.
The use of bhang does not alter the complexion of the face, but brings about all other consequences.
Unlike charas, bhang does not impair the appetite.
Diarrhoea is not induced by either bhang or charas.
Asthma and cough are caused by charas in consequence of its affecting the lungs.
Their use impairs the moral sense and leads to idleness and debauchery. Bhang impairs the intellect, and charas destroys it altogether and brings about insanity. Four persons have here become insane through the use of bhang, and three persons through charas. It does also cause a predisposition to insanity. One who becomes insane through the use of bhang is very timorous and is inoffensive to others. He fears lest some one should kill him. Such insane persons have been seen chattering about religious matters and are called kutrab. Those suffering from insanity induced by charas have been seen prating much and angrily, even using abusive language and causing trouble. They are styled mania (? maniacs). Insanity continues so long as the drug is used. The patient recovers in a few days after giving up the use of the drug. Insanity would be reinduced if the use of the drug were again resorted to.
During early stages, while they are yet in possession of their intellect, they confess their use of the drugs.
The drug has nothing to do with the diseases of the brain, but is most injurious, as noted already in the foregoing part (of this answer), in connection with its effect on the intellect.
In cases of sangrehni (a peculiar form of diarrhoea), indeed, its habitual use is beneficial.
r6.—Pandit Mahadeo, Hakim.—Number of witness-5o.
Q. 45.—Their long use weakens the system and produces dryness in the brain and body, and generally destroys the manhood of a person. The use of charas often creates cough and,dama (asthma) and reduces the man's intellects. It often produces lunacy, and if its use tie continued, this disease qften becomes incurable.
17.—Hakim Salimulla, care of Aliinulla, Native Physician and service.--Number of
witness-51.
Q. 45.—(b) Charas, however moderately smoked, is immediately injurious to the power of discernment and to the internal organs.
It'certainly improves the digestive power ; but produces cowardice, asthma and bronchitis. After smoking it the consumer at once becomes passive. Although the intoxication of charas does not last so long as that of bhang does, yet it impairs the intellect, disturbs the mind, induces craziness, brings about sleeplessness, and produces headache and delirium. The consumer of this drug, though not discourageous, becomes coward. It does not cause dysentery.
Whatever benefit can be derived from the use of these two drugs depends upon good diet ; otherwise the consumer of these drugs is sure to become subject to insanity or mania, the difference being that the consumers of charas are more liable to those diseases than those addicted to bhang.
I have treated several such patients who were cured completely, and in whom the symptoms were not re-induced until they again had recourse to bhang or charas.
I know nothing about ganja. I am convinced that the use of bhang or charas is not commenced by the consumers in connection with their mental anxiety or brain ,disease. On the contrary, the habit is originated in bad company, or in the society of fakirs, or for. some religious purpose.
The Sikhs use bhang as a substitute for tobacco, which is religiously forbidden to therr4 and consequently they cannot smoke charas.
Mental or brain diseases are well known to the native physicians, who never prescribe bhang in their treatment of these diseases.
The medicinal use of bhang allowed by Hindi physicians is confined to the improvement of physical strength only.
Q. 46.—The habitual excessive use of these drugs produces noxious effects on the body.
It causes debility, shivering of limbs, weakness of nerves, delirium, insanity, anguish of mind, mania, cowardice, laziness, loss of appetite, and sexual power.
It deadens the intellect, injures digestion, blackens the blood and complexion, and weakens the retentive power. If the consumer is cured of the above symptoms, they are re-induced to some extent by the use of bhang as soon as restraint is removed, but not so much as in the case of charas.
i8.—Pundit Janardhan, Raid, Hakim.—Number of witness-53.
Q. 1.-1 have been practising as a baid for the last 34 years, and during this period I have had several opportunities of acquainting myself with the effects of these drugs.
Q. 42.—The use of almost all the intoxicants is injurious except when used medicirally. Q. 45.—All Me mischief is done by charas and ganja.
Q. 46.—The consumers of charas and ganja become lazy, remain in a dirty state, and pass their days like vagrants.
Q. 52.—Excessive use of charas and ganja is very bad and injurious.
lg.—Shah Newaz, Hakim.—Number of witness-55.
Q. I.—I have acquired my knowledge regarding the hemp drugs—bhang, ganja, charas—from my tutors and from Unanee medical works, and from my own observations.
Q. 45.—The following are the evil consequences of moderate habitual use of charas and bhang. The subject becomes proud and cruel ; his eyesight becomes weak. There is melancholia, fear, and confusion of intellect. Its effects on the brain are insanity, hallucinations, evil thoughts, immoral thoughts, hatred of society of good men, irrelevant talking. Charas and bhang produce many injurious effects on body, for instance, impotency, dropsy, headache, windiness, flatulency of the belly, and mia and edima of the limbs and face, change of colour of the countenance, dropping off of the teeth, and general debility, which together impair digestion. Some persons get diarrhoea, cough, and asthma, and they become immoral also. In the commencement the consumer is led to debauchery. In my opinion insanity is the result, but the insanity is not permanent, but the symptoms are re-induced by use of the drug after liberation from restraint.
NOTE OF DISSENT BY LALA NIHAL CHAND.    461
STATEMENT IV.—Opinion of some witnesses on crime. (Para. 6.4 of the note.)
Bengal (Crime).
i.—D. R. Lyall, Member of Board of Revenue.—Number of witness—I. Q. .—I have been in the service of Government for nearly 32 years.
Q. 51.—My experience is that most bad characters consume ganja. I hold that in itself ganja does not dispose to crime ; but it may strengthen the will to commit crime if it is already there. I do not know that the moderate use of ganja is connected with any particular form of crime.
Q. 52 —The abcrve applies generally. Men under ganja sometimes commit murder ; but it is hard to say how far the ganja is responsible.
Q. D.—Generally premeditated. I have known cases of temporary homicidal frenzy.
Q. sr.—Oral The opinion given in this answer is largely based on opinions arrived at by Dr. Wise, who made experiments with the drugs when he was Civil Surgeon of Dacca. My meaning is that hemp would intensify a desire in a man's mind to commit a certain crime. Dr. Wise collected evidence from which he concluded that hemp strengthened a man's desires, criminal or other. I have tried to get Dr. Wise's notes, but am sorry I failed to do so. I can give no examples to illustrate my answers Nos. 52 and 53. They convey a general impression, and I cannot recall any individual case. It is a long time since I had to do with magisterial work.
1-B.—Mr. H. C. Williams, I.C.S.—Number of witness-13. Q. 1.-1 have been over twenty-two years in the service.
Q. 35.-1 call this drug a curse to the country on account of what it does in the way of producing crime. It was not in connection with insanity, but mainly in connection with crime that I thus wrote.
2.—William Colebrooke Taylor, Special Deputy Collector, &c., &c.—Number of
witness-36.
Q. r.—About 47 years' residence in India, including 33 years as Assistant Commissioner, Deputy Magistrate, &c., spent chiefly in the mofussil, where I was in charge of subdivisions with management of Abkari or Excise matters since 1866 in Orissa.
Q. sr.—Yes; bad characters are usually ganja-smokers and takers of bhang. I cannot say what connection the moderate use of these drugs has with crime.
Q. 52.—Same as 51, but to greater extent.
Q. 53 & 54.—The numerous cases of what is called running amok which occur in India are often, if not always due to excessive doses of ganja and bhang taken with or without admixture of dhatura seeds (dhatura stramonium).
3.—Mr. G. E. Manisty, Collector of Saran.—Number of witness-19.
Q. sr.—Generally bad characters of low class people are addicted to it. Moderate use does not produce any crime.
Q. 52.—But when used in excess it leads men to commit crime.
Q. 53.—Excessive indulgence of ganja or bhang may incite to unpremeditated crime, violent or otherwise. I am not aware of any case in which it has led to temporary homicidal tendency.
4.—Mr. H. G. Cooke, Officiating Commissioner.—Number of witness-8.
Q. i.—Nineteen years' actual residence, in which I have served in 21 districts in Lower Bengal.
Q. 52.—It is alleged that devotion to this habit leads men to steal in order to gratify the propensity. I do not think that it can be alleged that their excessive use can be associated with other forms of crime, except those of violence.
Q. D.—Undoubtedly I believe I am right in saying that lunatic asylums are full of such cases.
Q. 54 —It is not improbable that they may be used by rioters before a riot, but it would not be easy to prove this.
5.—Mr. C. Fasson, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-87.
Q. r.—As District Superintendent of Police of Bogra, in parts of which ganja is cultivated, in which also the wild bhang grows.
Q. si.—Yes, a large proportion ; but this is attributed, first, to debauchery and evil companionship resulting from the use of the drug ; and, second, to the additional expenditure incurred in obtaining the nourishing food, which is a necessity to a ganja-smoker and which impells him to theft, &c.
6.—Mr. F. H. Tucker, Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-88.
Q. 52.—Yes ; ganja makes a man irritable and headstrong, and leads the excessive smoker to any sort of rash doing.
Q. 53.—Yes, excessive indulgence in ganja incites a man to unpremeditated crime, the effects of rashness and violence of temper caused by smoking it.
7.—Rai Radha Govinda, Rai Sahib Bahadur.—Number of witness-166.
Q. r.—Had had contact with persons who use the drugs.
Q. 53.—Excessive use of ganja incites unpremeditated crime.
8.—Maharaja Girija Nath Roy, Bahadur, Zamindar.—Number of witness—t6t.
Q. 51 &' 52.—A large proportion of bad characters is either moderate or excessive consumers of these drugs. The consumption of these narcotic drugs has no direct connection with crimes of any general or specific character.
9.—Jogendra Nath Bandyopadyay Vidyabhusan, M.A., Deputy Magistrate and Deputy
Collector.—Number of witness-5o.
Q. r.—I have derived my experience as the Excise Deputy Collector of the District and as a general enquirer of the subject.
Q. 51.—A certain proportion of bad characters are habitual moderate consumers of these drugs, but the proportion is not very large.
Q. 52.—But the persons who are addicted to excessive use of any of these drugs are generally of bad characters.
Q. 53.—An excessive indulgence in any of these drugs leads to unpremeditated crime, violent or otherwise.
to.—Taraprosanna Roy, Chemical Examiner to the Government of Bengal.—Number of
witness—I16.
Q. 52.—The excessive use of the drugs is common among bud mashes.
Q. 53.—People indulging in excessive use of ganja may become violent and commit crimes. They are sometimes affected with homicidal frenzy and run amok.
r.—.Umagati Roy, B.L., and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association.—
Number of witness-232.
Q. I.—The source of my information is partly based on my experience and partly on the information 1 have received from time to time from the persons concerned.
Q 52.—The excessive use of ganja and bha.ng has connection with crimes relating to properties, human life, and public peace. The excessive smoker having exhausted his resources, and having yet a strong craving for the use of ganja, has to satisfy the same by means fair or foul, and he has, therefore, to secure money by theft, and he is likely to commit a breach of the peace and offences relating to human life when under the influence of the drug.
12.—Mr. E. H. C. Walsh, Officiating Collector.—Number of witness-27.
Q. 52.—Their excessive use, no doubt, leads to crime by producing a violent form of intoxication and by rendering the person for the time being not fully aware of the effects of what he is doing.
13.—K. G. Gupta, I.C.S., Excise Commissioner, Bengal,—Number of witness— 17.
Q. r.—During my 20 years' service I have worked in various parts of the Lower Bengal and Orissa, and as Sub-Divisional Officer and afterwards as District Officer had to administer excise in my jurisdiction.
Q. 52.—Occasional excessive use of ganja may lead to sudden outbursts of passion. Habitual excessive consumers have often irritable tempers.
14.—Mr. W. R. Ricketts, Manager, Nilgiri State.—Number of witness-92.
Q. I.—First Excise Officer, then Manager of the Excise Administration in the Native State of Nilgiri for the last nine and a half years.
Q. 52.—Excessive consumption of both ganja and bhang leads in all probability to crime, the consumers not being responsible for their actions owing to the intoxicating effects. .Usually crimes of a daring nature and those attended by violence are committed by ganja consumers.
Q. 53.—Yes ; the slightest provocation would incite acts of violence wholly unpremeditated. I know of no case in which excessive indulgence in these drugs has led to temporary homicidal frenzy, but, of course, insanity caused by excessive consumption of ganja produces the disease, invariably attended with great violence.
j5.—Mr. Rowley Lascelles 'Ward, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of
witness-89.
Q.    have served in the Police Department for 14 years.
Q. 53.—Excessive indulgence in ganja does incite to violent crime. I know of a case where a smoker suddenly murdered a vendor because he would not supply him with more ganja.
Q. 54.—I have heard of ganja being used to fortify the courage of criminals about to commit premeditated acts of violence.
i6.—Babu Nobin Chunder Sen, Sub-Divisional Officer.—Number of witness-39.
Q. 5r.—No violent crimes, such as severe hurts and murders, are induced by excessive ganja smoking.
Q. 53.—It does. I know of one case where a murder was committed under the influence of too much ganja smoking by a fakir.
i7.—Beprodas Banerjee, Newspaper Editor, and Chairman, Baraset Municipality.—
Number of witness-217.
Q. r.—I have known lots of hemp and charas smokers, have seen Hindu and Mussalman mendicants. Religious ascetics use ganja and sidhi, and have also seen ganja and sidhi used in temples.
Q. 5i.—Budmashes avoid opium, lest while in jail they may suffer. But as a rule they are ganja-smokers. Dacoits and burglars invariably smoke ganja immediately before commencing operations.
i8.—Rai Kamalapati Ghosal, Bahadur, Pensioner, Sub-Registrar and Landholder.—.
Number of witness-99.
Q. 1.—I was a police officer, and served both in the old and new police for more than 30 years.
Q. sr.—Many of the had characters are habitual moderate consumers of ganja.
9- 54.—Dacoits and robbers generally use ganja to fortify themselves to commit crimes with acts of violence.
Nanda Roy, Merchant and Zamindar.—Number of witness-24o.
Q. v.—There are many wily bad characters, that use the drug moderately in order to retain their memory sharp, sense keen, eye clear, and ear acute for perpetrating crime with cunning, and at the same time use the drug only to give excitement to the action and to add extra amount of zeal and determination.
20.—Raja Protap Narain Singh, Deo Bahadur, C.I.E., Chief of Jashpur.—Number of
witness-151*
Q. v.—Habitual consumers of these drugs are bad characters.
2t.—Jagat Kishore Acharjea Chowdhuri.—Number of witness-179.
Q. z.—Being a zamindar in Mymensing district, and having occasion of touring almost all over it, I had direct intercourse with every class of people, and had opportunity of acquiring personal experience about their habit of life and matters connected with the hemp drugs, in regard to which my answers are framed.
Q. 51.-4 can say that most of the bad characters are ganja-smokers, and it is ganja that makes them impetuous and bold to perpetrate the foul actions they commit.
Q. 52.—I believe they grow up more fierce and turbulent by the excessive use of ganja.
22.—Hira Lall Banerji, Deputy Collector.—Number of witness-54.
Q. i.—Experience gained during the course of my official career and personal experience.
Q. 5r.—Generally rioters and bad characters are supposed to be ganja-smokers. From the facts recorded on the subject, it will appear that dacoits generally smoke ganja before the commission of the crime, in order to fortify themselves for the act. Most probably such people were not excessive consumers, as they had to act with considerable deliberation and skill.
*NOTE.—Not reported.
23.—Anango Mahan Naha, Judge's Court Pleader.—Number of witness-220.
Q. sr.—Yes, almost all the bad characters in any locality are habitual consumers of these drugs. Ganja-smokers are generally thieves.
24.—Kailas Chundra Dutta, M.A., B L., Vakeel, Judge's Court, Tipperah.—Number of
witness-221.
Q. 52.—Yes ; a large proportion of bad characters in the village are addicted to ganja-smoking.
Q. 53.—Yes, excessive indulgence leads to outbursts of temper, which cannot be controlled, and which may lead to perpetration of violent crimes.
25.—Mr. H. M. Weatherall, Manager, Nawab's Estate.—Number of witness-197.
Q. 1.—Served Government for 3o years, 20 of which as District Superintendent of Police, and 16 as Manager of large estates.
Q. sr.—Speaking as an old Police officer, I have invariably found thieves and bad characters addicted to smoking ganja ; it is said to give them courage to undertake a job and cunning to escape capture.
Q. 53.-4 know it tends to lunacy. I have seen several instances among criminal offen-
ders.
26.—Surgeon-Lieutenant-Colonel A. Crombie, M.D., Surgeon Superintendent, General
Hospital, Calcutta.—Number of witness—too.
Q. i.—Chiefly as Superintendent of the Dacca Lunatic Asylum for 7 years, and Member of Standing Committee for advising Government with regard to criminal lunatics.
Q. sr.—Much of the violent assaults and all the cases of " amok" that came under my notice in connection with insanity were committed by ganja-smokers. And most often as the result of a single excessive debauch, even in those accustomed to the moderate use of the drug.
Q. 53.—In these cases the crime was unpremeditated and the criminal subsequently appeared to be oblivious of the circumstances. I have known many cases of temporary homicidal frenzy produced in these ways.
27.—A. K. Ray, Sub-Divisional Magistrate, Bongong.—Number of witness-61. Q. r.—Have had knowledge of ganja-smokers from infancy.
Q. 53.-1 know of 14 cases in which persons insane from excessive use of ganja committed unpremeditated violent attacks on women passing by.
28.—Babu Suresh Chundra Pall, Special Excise Deputy Collector, Howrah.—Number of
witness-6g.
Q. 1.-1 have had opportunities of obtaining information on the subject as Collec-
tor.
Q. sr. A large proportion of bad characters use ganja. People who commit crimes harden themselves by the use of ganja.
Q. 54.—Yes, criminals who are addicted to ganja fortify themselves to commit a crime by taking ganja.
29.—Rai Bahadur Radha Ballav Chowdhuri, Honorary Magistrate, &c.—Number of
witness-167
Q. 52.—Yes, a large proportion of bad characters are excessive consumers of ganja. The crime of theft generally is the special character of an excessive ganja-smoker.
3o.—Bhuvan Mohan Sanyal, Government Pleader.—Number of witness-225.
Q. sr.—A good portion of bad characters are known as habitual moderate consumers of ganja.
I have often come across cases in my experience as a public prosecutor, in which the offenders were known to have used either ganja or alcohol before the commission of the offence.
Q. 53.-1 believe an excessive indulgence in ganja incites to unpremeditated crime.
R. Marindin, Magistrate and Collector.—Number of witness-16.
Q. 51.—A good many are said to be. It is a frequent piece of evidence in a bad livelihood case that the accused consumes ganja.
With crimes of violence.
Q. 53.—Yes ; I have known cases where the consumption of the drug has led to temporary homicidal frenzy.
Q. 5r.—The evidence is generally given. I think that the man is living beyond his means, and has to resort to theft to supplement his income.
32.—Abdus Samad, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector.—Number of witness-55. Q. I.—I have been connected with excise administration since 1887.
Q. 5r & 52.—Nearly all clubmen, rioters, house-breakers, thieves, and dacoits, especially in Lower Bengal, are consumers of ganja in moderation or excess. They generally have a smoke of ganja before sallying forth on •an expedition.
Petty thefts are often committed by poeple given to ganja-smoking, but having no means of satisfying the craving.
Q. 53.—Excessive indulgence in ganja is believed to incite to unpremeditated crime.
I know of no case in which it has led to temporary homicidal frenzy.
33.—Mr. C. A. S. Bedford, Deputy Commissioner.—Number of witness-32.
Q. 51.—Petty thefts are committed by those who have been long addicted to the use of ganja, and whose intellectual faculties and moral sense are impaired. Violent crimes are also committed by those under the influence of the drug.
Q. 52.—In the acute stage riotings and murders occur.
34.—Mr. E. R. Henry, Inspector-General of Police, Bengal.—Number of witness-85. Q. 1.—Experience of 21 years. Author of a Criminal Biography.
Q. 53.—As regards this question opinion is also diviled. Some District Superintendents are inclined to believe that the excessive use of hemp drugs does lead to the commission of unpremeditated crime, while, on the other hand, several officers hold the contrary opinion. There seems, however, little doubt but that the excessive use of ganja makes a man irritable, and there are cases on record in which murders and murderous assaults have been committed .under its influence.
In'his oral statement the witness says that out of 1,408 bad characters 199 are addicted to the use of ganja and 16 are said to take bhang, and none are shown to take charas. It is evident from this that 141 per cent. are ganja-smokers among bad characters.
35.—Mr. W. H. Grimley, Commissioner of Chota Nag-pore.—Number of witness-3.
Excessive use of ganja is believed to lead to crime. It brings a man into disrepute, and when once a man is known as a reprobate, the transition to crime is speedy. Excessive indulgence in ganja is said to incite to unpremeditated crime and to lead to temporary homicidal frenzy.
36.—Navin Krishna Banerjee, Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector.—Number of
witness-42.
Q. 51.—Ganja-smoking hardens the sensibilities of the smoker.
Assam (Crime).
37.—Mr. R. S. Greenshields, Deputy Commissioner.—Number of witness-6.
Q. 5r.—In this neighbourhood the Assamese proper are as a rule non-consumers of ganja. The ganja consumers are generally foreigners, and as a rule belong to the very lowest grades amongst such foreigners, and, as might be expected from their social position, they do furnish a considerable proportion of the bad characters of the neighbourhood.
52. I 'nave known crimes of violence to be committed on little or no provocation by persons lab )uring under the peculiar delirium produced by a long continued course of ganja. In fact, people in this condition are in my opinion particularly dangerous, being extremely easily provoked to commit crimes of violence.
53. Yes, most undoubtedly. Persons labouring under peculiar delirium produced by the excessive use of ganja are particularly liable to commit manslaughter on little or no provocation. I have known more than one such case.
38.—Dr. J. W. Macnamara, M.D., Civil Surgeon.—Number of witness-2o.
Q.    have for 13 years been among people who make use of hemp products to
greater or less degree.
Q. sr.—A very large proportion of the prisoners in our jail at Tezpur have been addicted to the use of these drugs in some shape. Of 239 male prisoners, 15 consumed ganja. Crime, it would appear, ,go,s with the use of these drugs. can't ascertain whether ganja consumers are addicted to any special crime.
Q. 53.—Yes. It leads to homicidal mania. A case occurred in the Tezpur Lunatic Asylum in which one of the lunatics who was believed to have become insane from smoking ganja killed the compounder in a fit of excitement. He smoked 5 annas' worth daily.
39.—Mr. J D. Anderson, Officiating Commissioner of Excise.—Number of witness-4.
Q. 1.—I have been in charge of the excise administration of nearly every district in Assam, and am at present officiating as Commissioner of Excise.
Q. 5r.—The only habitual criminals in the province are the Mussalman river dacoits of Sylhet, and foreigners of bad character in other districts. All, or nearly all, of these consume ganja habitually and to excess.
Q. 53.—I have known of cases in which the immoderate use of ganja among tea garden coolies has brought about insane and unreasonable jealousy resulting in crimes of violence.
40.—Mr. J. H. W. Dalrymple-Clark, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of
witness-14.
Q. 1.—Twenty years' service in India.
Q. 52.—Ganja is the drug almost invariably used by real bad characters, and is generally used by such in excess when about to commit heinous crime and crime with violence. Bad characters habitually use it to excess in order to give themselves Dutch courage. The excessive use of ganja more often than not leads to crime amongst the lower classes.
41.—Laksmi Kanta Barkagati, Secretary to the Tezpur Ryots' Association.—Number of
witness-46.
Q. z.—I had ample opportunities of visiting different places of this district and frequently in contact with persons addicted to use narcotics.
Q. 53.—Excessive indulgence in ganja-smoking incites unpremeditated crime, such as assaults and murder.
Ganja gives rise to murder and assaults. The ganja-taker becomes suddenly excited and does these things. I have seen assaults two or three times in this town by people whom I know to be ganja-smokers. When I was Steamer Agent at Birnath, the Doms, my neighbours, used to quarrel under the influence of ganja, and we had to drive them off. The facts that such assaults and other off -nces arise from ganja does not come out in trials, because the people do not plead that they have taken the drug. They prefer to say that they never committed the offences at all.
42.—Mr. J. Rivett-Carnac, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-15.
Q. 53.-1 have a distinct impression that excessive indulgence in ganja does incite to unpremeditated violent crime. I cannot call to mind at present any particular instance of this, but I am pretty certain that I have met with several cases in the course of my 16 odd years' experience as a Police officer.
43.—Mr. F. C. Moran, Tea Planter.—Number of witness-33.
Q. 53.—Yes ; murder. I had a case of a man in my garden who cut off his wife's head whilst temporarily insane under the effects of the drug.
44.—Mr. P. H. O'Brien, Deputy Commissioner.—Number of witness-7.
Q. 53.—I recollect a case of a murderous assault being committed by a person under the influence of ganja, but I cannot give particulars. I presume that excessive indulgence in these drugs does incite to unpremeditated crime, inasmuch as they appear to produce mania under such conditions.
45•—Kishen Chandra Chattopadhya.—Number of witness-4o.
Q. r.—Have had to deal with many consumers and dealers of the drugs and personally have seen the consumption.
Q. 53.-1 know of a case in which an excessive ganja-smoker killed a friend of his with a lathi without any apparent cause for such action.
North-Western Provinces (Crime).
46.—Munshi Raj Kishore, Pleader.—Number of witness —234.
Q. 51.—Yes, thieves are habitual consumers, and the use of these drugs is often the motive of thefts.
Q. 52.—Necessity has no law. The more want for money for these drugs, the more thefts to defray its expenses.
47.—E. Berrill, Deputy Inspector-General of Police.—Number of witness-65.
Q. 5r and 53.—A fairly large proportion of the lower class of Hindu bad characters are moderate consumers of the drugs, but such consumption has no connection with crime. Excessive indulgence in ganja has been known to incite to unpremeditated violent crime. Unfortunately I am not able to recall any particular case.
48.—Mr. E. R. Parsons, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-7o.
Q 5z and 52.—The percentage (of bad characters) is not more than 15. The excessive u'e of either ganja or charas affects the mind, and instances have been known of men so affected committing crime.
49.—Mr. A. W. Cruickshank, Magistrate.—Number of witness-5.
Q. 52.—Ganja used in excess is particularly likely to produce utterly reasonless violence and even homicidal mania.
5o.—M. Mahomed Wasi, Deputy Collector.—Number of witness-44.
Q. 51.—There are a large proportion of bad characters habitual moderate consumers of ganja and charas, with the exception of Sadhus, Bairagis, and persons belonging to the labouring classes.
The moderate use has connection with crime in general and often with crime of any special character. It has been noticed that these bad characters administer drugs to travellers with the pretext of its being t)bacco, and when the travellers become senseless, the bad characters make away with their property.
Q. 52.—The more is the excessive use of the drugs, the more is the number of crime Q. 53.—Premeditation is necessary for the committal of heinous offences. Intoxication will nevertheless incite to the committal of crime.
5t.—Mr. H. Fraser, Magistrate, Bijnour.—Number of witness.8.
Q. 53.—I believe it does. In my experience as a Magistrate I have had many cases before me in which acts, chiefly of violence, but also acts such as thefts and burglaries, were committed under the influence of ganja. I cannot give figures, but I may have had 20 or 3o such cases come before me in the eastern districts of Gorak'hpur and Benares. I cannot remember any particular case of temporary homicidal frenzy, but I believe that excessive use of ganja does sometimes lead to homicidal frenzy.
Q. 35. Oral.—I have never seen a native of the middle class ruined by liquor, On the other hand, I have seen some criminal lunatics whose condition was attributed to ganja, charas and bhang. Men have actually appeared before me who seemed to be still under the influence of the drug.
Q. 53 Oral.—I noticed that when a man stated he had done an act under the influence of ganja, he was frequently corroborated by the witnesses. On the other hand, when alcohol was alleged by the prisoner, the evidence did not support him.
52.—Mr. C. F. Knyvett, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-68.
Q. 53•—Excessive indulgence in either of these three drugs sometimes leads to quarrel and assaults.
53.—Mr. B. Hamilton, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-73. Q. 51.—In the city badmashes generally make use of these drugs.
54.—Syed Habibullal), Joint Magistrate.—Number of witness-25.
Q. 54.—Gan;a and charas are invariably used by dacoits before they commit dacoities. These drugs make them more active and enable them to walk long distances.
55.—Khan Bahadur Syed Ali Husen, Revenue Member, Rampur Council of Regency. —Number of witness-35.
Q. 52.—The excessive use of these drugs is the habit of the depraved and immoral. It promotes crime.
56.—Mr. L. H. L. Thomas, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-69.
Q. 53.—It is believed as a matter of course excessive indulgence does incite to unpremeditated crime of all kinds. It promotes poverty and despair and all the result of a debased life which naturally must lead to criminal end.
57.—Dr. Manohar Pershad Tewari, Practitioner in Medicine and Surgery.—Number
of witness-13o.
Q. 51.—Most of the bad characters are habitual moderate consumers of any of these drugs. Charas and ganja are expensive things to be used for the poor people; and when they cannot afford to bear these heavy expenses, they become inclined to gamble, and when they fail in this they commit robbery and theft, etc.
Q. 53.—Yes, excessive indulgence in any of them causes unpremeditated crime, violent or otherwise. I know many in which it has led to temporary homicidal frenzy.
Yes, criminals generally who are addicted to any of these drugs fortify themselves by using it before committing a premeditated act of violence or other crime, but not otherwise.
58.—Mr. H. 0. W. Robarts, Joint Magistrate and Excise Officer.—Number of witness-32.
Q. 53.—I have met with one case in which a police constable, under the influence of bhang, threw small stones at his comrades 's ho were drilling and sat at the door of his quarters with his rifle, threatening to shoot any one who tried.to take it from him. The rifle was, however, got away from him without difficulty or accident.
59.—Mr. W. R. Partridge, I.C.S., Deputy Commissioner.—Number of witness-20.
Q.    have been ten years in the Civil Service in the North-Western Provinces and
Oudh, and have held charge of the Excise Department in three districts—Gorakhpur, Benares, and Garhwal.
Q. 52.—To the excessive use of ganja and charas many crimes of violence are probably ascribable.
Q. 53.—Yes, in Srinagar (Garhwal) some 8 or to years ago a fakir who consumed charas in considerable quantities took a bov and deliberately chopped off his head. When kept out of the way of any hemp drugs this man seems to behave fairly like a rational being ; but whenever he gets charas, he gets violent and dangerous.
6o.—Kedar Singh, Pensioned Subadar, Regiment No. 36.—Number of witness-262.
Q. 5r.—Large proportion of bad characters are habitual moderate consumers of these drugs, and they commit both general and special crimes.
Q. 53.—The excessive use of these drugs sometimes incites to clime.
Q. 54.—The criminals use these drugs to fortify themselves to commit a premeditated act of violence and other crime.
6i.—M. Zain-ul-Abdin, Khan Bahadur, Deputy Collector.—Number of witness-39. The witness has had varied experience of many years.
Q. rz.—Thow-,h there is no large proportion of bad characters among habitual moderate consumers, but still they are mischievous, and the common crimes are committed because they are always in need of money to buy drugs for consumption.
62.—Ali Mahomed Khan, Pension er.—Number of witness-264. Q. r.—I was in company with those smoking charas, etc.
Q 5r.—Bad characters use bhang, charas, and ganja generally, and their resources are generally limited. They invent many ways to procure money by illegal means when their income fails them. In this way crimes are increased.
Q. 53 —By excessive use a man loses his sense of right and wrong. In a state of intoxication they plan out and commit different crimes which they hate when sober. They do not remember anything done by them. It is often heard that murders have been committed in such a state. Hurt and grievous hurt are small matters for these people.
Q. 51.—Thieves and other bad characters use them. They plan out some device, and by this intoxication they fix their attention to it exclusively.
63.—Kasim Hasan Khan, Tahsildar.—Number of witness-58.
Q. 51.—Generally rogues and vagrants use them in assemblies. Such bad characters often plan criminal designs in such a condition.
Q. sic—Criminals use them to acquire temporary courage to commit a premeditated act of violence or other crime.
64.—Mr. E. Rodgers, Assistant Commissioner.—Number of witness-24.
Q. 1.— I have been Excise Officer in Hamirpur, Meerut district, and for a short time in this district.
Q. 52.—Intoxication from these drugs, and more especially from ganja, raises a man to a high pitch of excitement ; at times leads him to commit violent crimes that he would shrink from committing in his saner moments.
53.—Unpremeditated crimes are often committed by men while under the influence of these drugs; but such crimes are generally of the nature of revenge for some slight or injury.
65.—Mr. T. Stoker, I.C.S., Excise Commissioner.—Number of witness-6.
Q. 1.-1 was twelve years an Assistant Magistrate and Joint Magistrate and Collector, and constantly in charge of the district excise. I was three and a half years in settlement work. I have been two years in charge of the Excise Department.
In regard to crime, my belief and experience as a Magistrate and Excise Officer is that the use of hemp drugs is not a direct cause of crime. In cases where persons are going to commit a crime of violence already arranged and determined, I believe they undoubtedly use hemp drugs, as they might any other stimulant, to fortify themselves. I have known such cases. I remember catching dacoits red-handed who were said to have used hemp drugs. They were all in their senses. I think, too, that, as in the case of alcohol in England, a man might go much further in crime under the influence of drugs than he would have done had he not been excited by their use. But such effects of the drug have never come before me.
66.—Hon'ble A. Cadell.—Number of witness—i.
Q. r —I am Member of the Board of Revenue in charge of Excise and Member of the Provincial Council.
The consumption of charas and ganja is looked upon as a more or less disreputable practice. It is natural then that the proportion of bad characters who use these drugs should be large. That is the only connection I see between them and crime.
67.—Mr. F. Porter, Inspector-General of Police.—Number of witness-64.
Q. 1.—I have twenty-eight years' service in the Civil Service in this Province and a little over two years as Inspector-General.
Q. 51.—The only connection between these drugs and crime that I know of is that when a man has made up his mind to a crime and has not the pluck to do it, he takes the drug to give him Dutch courage.
Q. 54.—I think very few men in the Police force use these drugs. We do not in the first place put in men who are habitual users. My opinion is that the habitual use unfits a man for being a policeman.
Punjab (Crime).
68.—Behram Khan, Zemindar and Honorary Magistrate.—Number of witness-6I.
Q. 53.—The use of charas or bhang makes the consumer frantic and reads him to commit a violent and unpremeditated crime. Here is an instance. Two years ago a person of the Khosa tribe, while under the influence of bhang, murdered one of his tribesmen in the Khosa ilaka in this district.
69.—Mr. Alexander Anderson, Deputy Commissioner.—Number of witness—io.
Q. 1.-1 have served in the Punjab since November 1872 as Assistant Commissioner, Settlement Officer, and Deputy Commissioner.
Q. 52.—The excessive use of charas is said to lead to crimes of violence. The belief is general and, I believe, well founded.
Q. 53.— Crimes of violence and the excessive use of charas are associated together. The records of the lunatic asylums will give numerous cases where charas smokers have run amok.
70.—Sheikh Riaz Hussain, Zemindar.—Number of witness-67.
these drugs, generally and in some instances in furtherance of their
Q. 51.—Some bad characters commit crimes by means of offences under sections 377 and 379 of the Indian Penal Code, the criminals stupefy their victims by administering these drugs criminal designs.
Q: 52.—Crimes are committed by inducing the excessive use of these drugs, and by means of these serious and minor offences are committed.
Q. 53.—Certainly indulgence in charas incites to unpremeditated crime, violent or otherwise, but I can give no instance.
Sardar Balwant Singh, Extra Assistant Commissioner, Jagirdar, Government servant. —Number of witness-38.
Q. sr. A large proportion of bad characters are habitual moderate consumers of charas.
7 I.—Arjan Singh, Extra Assistant Commissioner,—Number of witness-19.
Q. 1.--I was Excise Officer at Umballa, Rohtak, and Dera Ghazi Khan for several years. At present I am engaged in the Dera Ghazi Khan Settlement as Extra Assistant Settlement Officer.
Q. sr.—I have had charas-smokers before me as Magistrate. They were vicious persons of bad character, from whom I had to take security. They took both charas and chan du.
72.—Major-General M. Millet, Retired List.—Number of witness-69. Q. sr.—Yes, most professional bad characters use these drugs.
Q. 52.—Yes. As No. 51.
Rape, unnatural crime.
Deeds of violence.
Q. 53.—The ganja-smoker lives in the border land of homicidal mania. Numerous cases. See also criminal records. See also " Revelations of an Orderly" written by a country-born Magistrate of great experience (Benares, Medical Hail Press, republished 1866). This book was described by an inexperienced European Magistrate some thirty years ago as a gross exaggeration, but it is below, not above, reality.
73.—Mulraj, Extra Judicial Assistant Commissioner.—Number of witness-15. Q. sr.—Bad characters generally use these drugs.
73-B.—Pundit Janardhan Baid, Hakim.—Number of witness-94.
Q. r.—I have been practising as a baid for the last 34 years, and during this period I have had several opportunities of acquainting myself with the effects of these drugs.
Q. sr.—Charas is commonly smoked by bad characters.
Q. 52.—Excessive use of charas and ganja is very bad and injurious.
74.—Surgeon-Major T. E. L. Bate, Inspector-General of Prisons.—Number of witness —32.
Q. 5r.—A large proportion of the prisoners in our jails are consumers of intoxicating drugs of one kind or another.
The use of these drugs begets lazy habits, which may sooner or later lead to crime.
75.—Mr. R. Sale Bruere, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-31. Q. 1.—I have been now in Government service for the last thirty-two years.
Q. sr.—Moderate consumers, when they are in poor circumstances, are inclined to commit petty crimes in cities and towns to obtain money to purchase these drugs. They are also quarrelsome, and their bad tempers, when under the influence of drugs, get them into trouble.
Q. 53.—Persons, when addicted to the excessive indulgence of these drugs become temporarily insane, and when in this state commit offences of a grave nature, as they are extremely irritable and easily take offence at everything, and have been known to commit murder, suicide, &c., when in this intoxicated state.
76 —Bedi Sujan Singh, Rais and Honorary Magistrate.—Number of witness-57. Q. 53.—Ganja and charas consumers are often quarrelsome.
Hutchinson.—Number of witness-4.
I have been thirty-one years in India and twenty-six years in the Punjab Commission, chiefly in Jhelum, Multan, Gurdaspur, Lahore, and Simla. I am now Commissioner of Lahore.
In regard to the connection of the drugs with crime. I have known cases of men running " amok" who, I was informed at the time, were under the influence of the drug.
None of them came before me officially, but I have heard of such cases. And I remember one case in which a Gurkha belonging to the regiment to which I was then attached ran " amok" and killed or cut down some four or five people in the bazar.
28.—Mr. J. P. Warburton.—Number of witness-3o.
I have known of some cases where a man having taken charas or bhang to excess went off and committed motiveless crime, such as running amok.' I know that there have been such cases as murders or violent crimes being committed without motive under the influence of these drugs. But the cases are so few and far between that it would be difficult to find them.
Central Provinces (Crime).
79 —Colonel H. Hughes Hallett, Officiating Inspector-General of Police and Prisons.—
Number of witness-29.
Q. r.—General observation during a residence of 35 years.
Q. 51.—Yes. Nearly all bad characters are consumers to a greater or less degree. The dissolute habits engendered by its use lead to crime against property.
Q. 53.—Yes, I think so. Running amok is, I should say, always the result of excessive indulgence.
Q. 51.—Oral.—In jails a large number of casuals might not be found to be consumers ;. but I think that if you got at the truth you would find 5o per cent. of the habituals to be consumers. I should say that over a whole jail, like the Jubbulpore Jail, the average would be over 25 per cent. I think that all habituals, as now defined, are not bad characters properly so called. Therefore I conclude that more than 5o per cent. of bad characters are consumers. The excessive consumer is a dissolute person, who will not work. Therefore he has a tendency to commit offences against property when he runs out of cash. This does not refer to the moderate use. I cannot refer to cases, but I fancy every Magistrate has had such cases.
80.—Pandit Dina Nath, Rai Bahadur, Assistant District Superintendent of Police.—
Number of witness-32.
Q. $1.—A large proportion of bad characters, habitual, are moderate consumers of ganja ; such persons commit petty thefts and simple hurt cases.
The rule holds equally in the case of opium-smoking and liquor-imbibing. I was under the impression that I must confine my reply to ganja-smoking alone. The connection, in my 'opinion, between ganja and crime is that of cause and effect.
Habitual bad characters are generally idle men who do no work or can get no .work ; and as they have contracted the habit of smoking ganja and opium and drinking liquor, they do not feel up to work, but as they must more or less have these drugs, they are necessitated to commit petty thefts.
Q. 52.—The use of the intoxicating drugs obtained from hemp to excess tends to make the consumers more violent, and violent crimes are often committed by such men.
Q. 54.—Yes, criminals make use of such drugs and to give them false courage when they wish to commit violent crime.
8i.—Mr. Fred. A. Naylor, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-3o.
Q. 5r.—In towns especially, I think, a large proportion of the bad characters are moderate consumers of hemp drugs. In the district the proportion of moderate consumers is smaller than in towns. 1 hese drugs are generally made use of by gamblers. Whether the drugs lead to the gambling or the gambling to the drugs I am not prepared to say, but that there is a connection between drugs and the criminals through the channel of gambling there is no doubt. When the gambler is short of funds he takes to stealing.
Q. 52.—The excessive use of these drugs leads to the commission of crime of a more serious nature.
Q. 53.—An excessive use of hemp products, specially ganja, often leads to unpreme.. ditated violent crime. It also causes the death of the consumers who, when the system is
saturated to a certain extent, sometimes drop dead after taking a long pull. I know of several instances in which it has led to temporary homicidal frenzy. Such is not the case with the excessive use of opium.
Q. 54.—Yes, often. It is notorious that Gazees bhang themselves when they wish to fight or to run amok.
82.—The Hon'ble Gangadharrao Madhav Chitnavis, Honorary Magistrate, Member of the
Viceroy's Council.—Number of witness-46.
Q. 51-52.—I have not been able to trace the connection of crime solely to the consumption of this drug. But as bad characters generally belong to the lower classes, and as these classes of persons are very generally addicted to this vice, it generally appears that most of the bad characters are given to smoking ganja. As an Honorary Magistrate I find that the criminals who come before me are generally given to this sort of vice.
Of course the persons using this drug in excessive quantities are persons who are given to thefts and other offences.
Q. 5r.—Orel.—By criminals I mean thieves and such persons, not those charged with assault. I should expect 6o per cent. of thieves, robbers, etc., in jail to be ganja-smokers ; one-fourth of the whole jail population probably.
83.—Trimbak Rao Sathe, Commissioner and Diwan of the Sonepur State.—Number of
witness —13.
Q. 53.—The excessive indulgence in ganja-smoking incites to unpremeditated violent crime. Recently I saw a case of a man who went mad owing to excessive ganja-smoking, and in that state of his mind he killed his own uncle who had remained to watch him. 1 here was no ill-feeling between them. There was no motive for the murder except, perhaps, that the uncle did not allow him the use of gania.
Q. 53 —Oral.—By homicidal frenzy I understand a desire t o kill a man, no matter who it might be.
84.—Syed Mohamed Husan, Extra Assistant Commissioner and Diwan, Khairagarh State.—
Number of witness-15.
Q. 51.—The bad characters generally use these drugs in order to prepare themselves for some deed of violence, such as house-breaking, robbery, and dacoity.
Q. 52 —An excessive consumer is too much intoxicated to do any act of violence. The indulgence in these drugs weakens constitution and thus renders the consumer quite unfit for any deed of violence. I have come across cases in which the Police have made a criminal confess his crime by making him smoke ganja excessively.
Q. 53.—Yes, the excessive indulgence in these drugs, especially in ganja, incites to unpremeditated violent crimes, such as homicide, grievous hurt, and suicide.
85.—Mr. Pasley, Inspector of Police and Superintendent of City Police, Jubbulpore.—
Number of witness-34.
Q. 5 I.—I do not think that more than 20 per cent. of the bad characters of this city are moderate smokers of these drugs. These ganja-smokers commit petty thefts only.
Q. 52.—About to per cent. of the bad characters of this city are excessive ganja-smokers ; they are not addicted to any special class of crime, but commit petty thefts like the others when driven to it for want of funds to obtain the drug.
Q. 53.—The excessive use of this drug incites bad characters to quarrel with people and ultimately to fight. Byragees and sadhus are much addicted to the use of these drugs, and I have known an instance in which one sadhu, when excited under the excessive indulgence of ganja, killed a fellow-sadhu.
Madras (Crime).
86.—Colonel G. Chrystie, Deputy Inspector-General of Police.—Number of witness-65.
Q. sr.—The lowest class of Muhammadans, among whom there are a good many bad characters, consume ganja and bhang prepared from it. Korchera or Yerikallas and Lambadies or Sugallies are said also to consume it largely. These tribes often commit crime.
87.—Captain C. M. Kennedy, Commandant, 1st Pioneers.—Number of witness-81.
Q. 51 —Those who consume them are generally, from a military point of view, worthless characters.
Q. 53.—Yes ; particularly ganja.
In nearly every case of murder, by shooting, etc., which has occurred of recent years, the perpetrator has been a known ganja or charas eater.
88.—Mr. E. H. Gadsden, Superintendent, Central Jail.—Number of witness-73.
Q. 51.—Fifty per cent. of re-convicted prisoners now in jail use garja when at liberty.
89.—H. E. G. Mills, Superintendent, Central Jail.—Number of witness-74.
Q. 51.—All fakirs and wanderers from place to place and those who are habitual gamblers with no permanent mode of living resort to ganja-smoking ; for want of the drug, whether moderate or excessive, leads to crime.
9o.—Mr. I. Tyrrell, Superintendent, Central Jail.—Number of witness-71.
I have been employed as a jail official for more than 26 years, and can remember at different times during that period assaults made on jail officials, jail servants, and fellow-convicts by prisoners who were at the time when committing the assaults under the influence of ganja.
I should certainly say, from the number of men I have seen under its influence, that the drug stimulates the passions of some men and makes others utterly reckless, caring but little, when under its influence, what crimes they commit.
gi.—K. Narainaswamy, R. B., Inspector of Police.—Number of witness-6g.
Q. I.—I have been 17 years in the Police Department and three years in other departments.
Q. sr.—Yes, out of 21 on the active list of criminals in the Vizianagram town, 15 are habitual ganja-smokers and opium-eaters or smokers. These men commit thefts and house-breakings, though not of a serious nature.
Q. 53.—I have known of cases in which the excessive use of ganja-smoking has made the consumers mad ; but I know no case in which it led to homicidal frenzy. (Q. 53.) By mad I mean only leaving worldly concerns and leaving home and going about.
92.—Sri Vasudeva Rajamani Rajah Deo, Zamindar of Mandasa.—Number of witness-
128.
Q.    am answering the questions from my local experience and the knowledge
in medical books.
9. 5r.—It seems that ganja increases the bad characters of the habitual consumers, who practise it or use it once a day, and hence show their violence.
Q. 53.—Ganja, when taken excessively, excites a consumer to commit any kind of violence. About 23 years ago there was a consumer named Padmanapha Marvary, who actually tried to stab one Dasarathi Charu Patnaik with the cruel intention of murdering him.
93.—Mr. K. C. Manavedan Raja, Collector.—Number of witness-19.
Q. 53 May ; it is not unlikely that the indulgence may occasionally induce violent and other crimes.
An instance is quoted locally wherein a person who indulged in the drug beat a person, resulting in death, on slight provocation.
Bombay (Crime).
94.—Narain Rao-Bhikhaji Jogalekar, pensioned Deputy Collector of Government and . now Karbhari of the Aundh State.—Number of witness-36.
Q. 1.—Experience of nearly 20 years.
Q. 53.—The accused in many cases charged for culpable homicide not amounting to murder, or causing the death of other persons by rash or negligent acts, have many times pleaded before me that they did the act while in a state of ganja or liquor intoxication.
95.—H. Kennedy, District Superintendent of Police.—Number of witness-54.
Q. sr.—It is generally found that bad characters are either habitual or moderate consumers of bhang and ganja. Taken as bad characters are from the lower orders, who are the most likely to indulge in these drugs, this is only natural. The moderate use of the drugs leads to abusive and quarrelsome conduct.
Q. 52.—A moderate but habitual consumer would, if he were to indulge to excess, probably rave and become excited and would be ready to commit any crime of violence that first came into his head.
Q. 53.—I,do know of a case in which a sepoy of a Baluch regiment, when under the influence of ganja or bhang—I forget which it was—ran amok and shot at any one he came across, killing and wounding various persons.
96.—Mr. P. H. Dastur, Presidency Magistrate.—Number of witness-2o.
Q. 52.—But the excessive use of ganja and charas may lead to crime, for those addicted to these drugs remain constantly under a stupour and are unable to follow any honest calling and must necessarily resort to crime.
Q. 53.—I am informed that excessive indulgence in charas makes a man violent in his temper and leads him to commit offences attended with violence. The Pathans in Bombay are well known as a turbulent class and they are mostly habitual consumers of charas. I had lately a case before me in which a Marwari goldsmith, under the influence of charas , attacked a bailiff with a pair of tongs and behaved very excitedly in court. I am not aware of any case in which the habit has led to temporary homicidal frenzy.
97.—Mr. Nanabhoy Cowasji, City Police Inspector.—Number of witness-6o,
Q. 1.—I had opportunities for several years of coming into contact with such persons when I was in Kathiawar. Some of them consumed ganja and bhang in excessive, and some in moderate quantities.
Q. 52.—However, in one case to my knowledge it so occurred that in November 1885 in Broach certain Talavias, having gathered together one morning and after ganja, committed a riot in that town, in which the Superintendent of Police, Mr. Prescott, was killed. Further particulars, if required, may be obtained from Broach.
98.—Mr. C. G. Dodgson, I.C.S., rst class Magistrate and Assistant Collector.—
Number of witness-17.
Q. 5r.—Bad characters in so far that they are often persons with no fixed homes or no regular means of employment—are frequently habitual moderate consumers of ganja. In my experience the use of the drug has no other connection with crime.
Q. 53.—Excessive indulgence in any of these drugs or other preparations is apt to lead to unpremeditated crime.
99.—Mr. J. M. Campbell, C.I.E.—Number of witness-9.
I have 24 years' service in all divisions of the presidency (except Sind).
I believe that in ordinary magisterial work there is no connection between hemp drugs and crime. But there are certain crimes, murders, and crimes of violence, ascribed to ganja ; and there are also certain statements regarding the use of the drugs by Raj puts that point to its leading to violence. I have never sifted these statements, nor have such facts come to my notice. On the other hand, I have been told that the drugs make a man timid.
Sind (Crime).
roo. —Dr. S. M. Kaka, M.R.C. S., L.R.C.P., D.P.H., &c.—Number of witness-24.
Q. 1.—As a medical practitioner of x x years' standing and as medical officer of health I have had some opportunities of becoming acquainted with hemp drugs and their effects, especially in Karachi.
Q. sr.—The habitual moderate consumers, chiefly of charas, are bad characters—loafers, vagabonds, thieves, shop-lifters, &c.
ioi.—Mr. C. E. S. Stafford Steele, Officiating Deputy Commissioner—Number of
witness-3.
Q. 52,—Persons claiming to be addicted to ganja and charas have been known to plead irresponsibility for their actions.
Q. 53.—It appears that those who indulge in bhang are easily provoked and become excessively irritable, and that insanity results from the immoderate use of ganja and charas. Serious crimes are most undoubtedly committed by persons addicted to these drugs, mostly ascribed either to provocation or frenzy.
102.—Khan Bahadur Kadirdad Khan Gul Khan, C.I.E., Deputy Collector.—Number
of witness-4.
9.    have served in all the districts of the province for a little more than 34 years,
and have had to deal with those who sell and consume hemp.
Q. 53.—The excessive indulgence in these drugs does incite to unpremeditated crime of violence.

STATEMENT V.---List of witnesses who say there will be no political danger.
(Para. 86 of the note.)
Serial No.    Province.    Name and Rank.    Number
I            of
2            witness.
3            
Bengal ...    Ganendra Nath Pal, Sub-Divisional Officer    •••    •••    46
Do.    ...    H. P. Wylly, Government Agent    ...    ...    ...    91
Do.    •••    W. C. Taylor, Special Deputy Collector, Land Acquisition, East Coast Railway, and pensioned Deputy Magistrate and Deputy Collector ... ••• ••• •••    36
4    Do.    H. G. Cooke, Officiating Commissioner    •••    8
5    Do.    •••    C. Fasson, District Superintendent of Police    87
6    Do.    F. H. Tucker, District Superintendent of Police    88
7    Do.    •••    A. C. Tute, Collector    ...    —•    ...    12
8    Do.    •••    J. C. Price, Magistrate and Collector    ...    ...    9
9    Do.    •••    Mahendra Chandra Mitra, Pleader and Municipal Chairman...    209
10    Do.    •••    A. E. Harward, Officiating Magistrate and Collector    ••.    30
II    Do.    •••    Jadub Chandra Chuckerbutty, Civil and Sessions Judge    ...    94
12    Do.    •••    Gopal Chunder Mukerji, Sub-Divisional Officer    ...    •••    41
13    Do.    •••    J. Kennedy, District Magistrate    ...    20
14    Do.    •••    J. H. Bernard, Officiating Collector...    ...    .    29
15    Do.    • ••    Nanda Krishna Bose, Statutory Civil Service, Acting Magis-    
trate and Collector    ...    ...    •••    25
16    Do.    R. L. Ward, District Superintendent of Police    •••    89
17    Do.    Nobin Chunder Sen, Sub-Divisional Officer    39
18    Do.    •••    Hon'ble F. R. S. Collier, Collector    ...    •••    15
19    Do.    F. H. Barrow, Collector    ...    ...    —•    ..,    I()
20    Do.    L. P. Shirres, Collector    ...    ...    26
21    Do.    Mathura Mohan Sirkar, Inspector of Police    •••    90
22    Do.    •••    Colonel Garbet, Deputy Commissioner    •••    31
23    Do.    W. H. Grimley, Commissioner    ...    •••    .••    3
24    Do.    •••    Raja Peary Mohan Mookarji, Zamindar    ...    i6o
25    Do.    •••    Rai Radha Govind Rai, Sahib Bahadur, Zamindar...    166
26    Do.    Babu Rajkumar Sarvadhikari, Secretary    •••    ...    231
27    Do.    •••    Umagati Ray, Pleader and Secretary to the Jalpaiguri Branch, Indian Association    •••    ...    232
•• •    G••    
28    Do.    •••    Pyari Shankar Das Gupta, Medical Practitioner,    Secretary,    
Bogra Medical Society    ...    ...    ..    134
29    Do.    Akshay Kumar Maitra, Pleader, Secretary, Rajshahi Association    233
30    Do.    A. F. M. Abdur Rahman, Honorary Secretary, Mahomedan    
Literary Society    ...    ...    ...    ...    234
Do.    Kamala Kanta Sen, Zemindar, President of the Chittagong    
Association    ...    •••    ...    235
32    Do.    •••    Sub-Committee of the District Board, 24-Pargannas    •••    247
33    Do.    •••    District Board, Patna    ...    •••    ...    •••    248
34    Do.    District Board Sub-Committee    •••    ...    ...    249
35    Do.    Rai Bahadur Radha Ballav Chowdhuri,    Honorary Magistrate    167
36    Do.    Arrah    District Board    •••    ...    ...    ...    251
37    Do.    A. W. B. Power, Commissioner of the Burdwan Division    •••    5
38    Assam    Surgeon-Major J. W. Macnamara, Civil Surgeon ...    20
39    Do.    C. W. E. Pittar, Officiating Deputy Commissioner    12
40    Do.    J. L. Herald, Deputy Commissioner    ...    ...    8
41    Do.    Ishan Chandra Patranavis, Extra Assistant Commissioner    ...    13
42    Do.    G. Godfrey, Commissioner    ...    ...    I
43    Do.    G. A Gait, Director of Land Records and Agriculture    ...    9
44    Do.    J. J. S. Driberg, Commissioner of Excise    ...    ...    2
45    Do.    Lakshmikanta Barkagati,    Secretary    to the Tezpur    Ryots    
Association    ...    ...    •••    ...    46
46    Do.    Radhanath Changakoti, Municipal Commissioner and Member,    
Local Board    ...    ...    •••    47
47    N.-W. P.    Lieutenant-Colonel F. Barrow, Deputy Commissioner    19
48    Do.    ...    Syed Habibullah, Joint Magistrate    ...    ...    •••    25
49    Do.    ...    Khan Bahadur Syed Ali Husen, Revenue Member, Council of    
Regency    •••    •••    •••    35
50    Do.    •••    H. C. Ferard, Collector and Magistrate    ...    15
51    Do.    •••    P. Allen, Officiating Collector    •••    •••    16
476    REPORT OF THE INDIAN HEMP DRUGS COMMISSION, 1893-94.
Serial    Province.    Name and Rank.    Number of the witness.
No.            32
52    N.-W. P.    H. 0. W. Robarts, Joint Magistrate and Excise Officer    
53    Do.    •••    P. Harrison, Officiating Collector    •••    •••    31
54    Do.    •••    M. Zainulabdin, Deputy Collector    •••    •••    ...    39
55    Do.    •••    G. A. Tweedy, Collector    •••    /0
56    Do.    •••    M. Hushmatullab, Joint Magistrate    ...    •••    •••    30
57    Do.    ...    Lala Nehal Chand, Honorary Magistrate    •••    •••    178
58    Do.    •••    Lala Sheo Pershad, Rai Bahadur, Banker    ...    254
59    Do.    •••    Rai Bahadur M. Sheo Narain, Secretary, Municipal Board    ...    226
6o    Do.    ...    Raja Jung Bahadur Khan, C.I.E.    ...    ...    ...    181
61    Do.    •••    Raja Luchman Singh, Government Pensioner and Zamindar ...    182
62    Do.    Choudry Basant Singh, Rai Bahadur, Zamindar    205
63    Do.    •••    M. Nawul Kishore, C.I E.,.Proprietor, "Nawul Kishore" Press...    231
64    Do.    •••    Syed Muhammad Nuh, Zamindar and    Member of District    
Board    ...    ...    ...    •••    227
65    Punjab ...    Surgeon-Major J. A. Cunningham, Civil Surgeon    ...    35
66    Do.    ...    Sirdar Balwant Singh, Extra Assistant Commissioner    23
67    Do.    ...    J. A. Robinson, Extra Assistant Commissioner    ...    ...    10
68    Do.    ...    Rai Bahadur    iugwan Das, Extra Assistant Commissioner    ,..    18
69    Do.    Lieutenant-Colonel J. A. L. Montgomery, Deputy Commissioner    7
70    Do.    •••    Sheikh Din Muhammad Khan, Extra Assistant Commissioner...    21
71    Do    ...    Sirdar Bahadur Luchmi Sahai, Extra Assistant Commissioner...    17
72    Do•    M. L. Dames, Deputy Commissioner    ...    •••    9
73    Do.    ...    H. A. Anderson, Deputy Commissioner    .    12
74    Do.    ...    R. S. Bruere, District Superintendent of Police    ...    31
75    Do.    Bhugwan Das, Assistant Surgeon, in Medical Charge    36
76    Do.    •••    J. R. Maconachie, Deputy Commissioner    •••    8
77    Do.    ...    Kaura Khan, Khan Bahadur, Zeildar    •••    •••    68
78    Do.    ...    Major-General M. Millet (pensioner)    •••    •••    69
79    Do.    ...    Bedi Sujan Singh, Honorary Magistrate    •••    •••    57
8o    Central        
Provinces    Honorary Surgeon-Major J. E. Harrison, Civil Surgeon    •••    38
Si    Do.    •••    Alam Chand, Superintendent    ...    •••    •••    18
82    Do.    •••    A. C. Duff, Deputy Commissioner    •••    •••    6
83    Do.    Mahomed Hossein, Extra Assistant Commissioner    ...    15
84    Do.    ••.    B. Robertson, Deputy Commissioner...    ...    7
85    Do.    •••    H. V. Drake-Brockman, Officiating Commissioner of    Excise.    9
86    Do.    •••    Rughu Nath Rao, Extra Assistant Commissioner    •••    14
87    Do.    .••    Bhargo Rao Gadjit, Extra Assistant Commissioner    .••    12
88    Do.    •.•    Thakur Maharaj Singh, Rao Bahadur, Malguzar ...    ...    62
89    Do.    Tara Das Banerji, President, District Board    ...    •••    70
90    Do.    ...    Rao Saheb Bulwunt Rao Gobind Rao Bhuskute, Jagirdar    ...    64
91    Do.    Hon'ble Gangadhur Rao Madhab Chitnavis, Member, Viceregal    
Council    ...    ...    •••    •••    46
92    Do.    ...    Rao Sahib Rang Rao Hari, Pleader    •••    •••    72
93    Madras    S. H. Wynne, Collector    ...    •••    ...    •••    12
94    Do    •••    W. A. Willock, Collector ...    •••    ...    8
95    Do.    •••    C. H. Mounsey, Collector ...    •••    .•••    • • •    15
96    Do.    •••    L. C. Miller, Acting Collector    •••    •••    •••    18
97    Do.    •••    F. D. A. 0. Wolfe Murray, Acting Collector    17
98    Do.    •.•    H. Bradley, Acting Collector    •••    •••    •••    14
99    Do.    •••    E. Turner, Collector    •••    •••    ...    3
100    Do.    •••    C. J. Weir,    Collector    •••    •••    •••    20
IOI    Do.    •••    R. Sewell, Collector    ...    ...    •••    6
102    Do.    Honorable Rai Bahadur Sabapathy Mudaliar, Merchant    •••    175
103    Do.    •••    M. Azizuddin, Saheb Bahadur, Deputy Collector    •••    37
104    Do.    •••    J. Thomson, Collector    ...    ...    •••    •••    9
105    Do.    •••    P. Pundari Kakshudu, De puty Collector    •••    •••    32
lo6    Do.    J. H. Merriman, Deputy Commissioner of Salt and Abkari    28
107    Do.    •••    Buldeo Dass, Priest of Hanuman Math    •••    •••    192
108    Do.    •••    Rev. W. H. Campbell, Missionary    ...    .    •••    •••    148
109    Do.    •••    Azizuddin Ali Khan, Saheb Bahadur, Jagirdar    •••    •••    134
110    Do.    •••    Raja of Ramad    ...    ...    —    ...    127
III    Do.    •••    P. Kesawa Pillai, Honorary Secretary, Gooty People's Associa-    
tion    ...    •••    •••    •••    ...    173
112    Ditto    ...    E. Subramana Iyer, Municipal Chairman    •••    •••    143
Serial    Province.    Name and Rank.    Number
No.            of
witness.
113    Bombay    Dhanjisha Dadabhoy, District Superintendent of Police    ...    58
114    Do.    ...    J. E. Down, District Superintendent of Police    ...    ...    55
115    Do.    ...    R. B. Narayan Bhikaji Jogalekar, Pensioned Deputy Collector    
and Karbari of Aundh State    ...    ...    •••    36
116    Do.    ...    A. H. Plunkett, City Magistrate    ...    ...    ...    19
117    Do.    ...    A. Cumine, Acting Collector    ...    ...    •••    12
118    Do.    ...    R. S. Pranshankar, Inspector of Police    ...    ...    62
119    Do.    ...    J. Monteath, Collector    ...    ...    ...    10
120    Do.    ...    K. B. Nanabhai Kavasji, Police Inspector    ...    ...    6o
121    Do.    ...    R. A. Lamb, Collector    ...    ...    •••    •••    14
122    Do.    ...    E. J. Ebden, Collector    ...    ...    ...    ...    . 5
123    Do.    ...    Ram Chandra Raja Ram Mule, Administrator of Jath    ...    33
124    Do.    ...    R. W. E. H. Vincent, C.I.E., Officiating Commissioner of Police    53
125    Do.    ...    H. Woodward. Collector    ...    ...    ...    11
126    Do.    ...    Dr. Ganesh Krishna Garde, Medical Practitioner, Represen-    
tative, Sarvajanick Sabha, Poona    ...    ...    9!
127    Do.    ...    Rao Bahadur Huchrao Achut, Harihar    ...    ...    1°6
128    Do.    ...    Rao Bahadur Vishvanath Keshava Joglekar, Sahokar    ...    110
129    Sindh    ...    R. Giles, Collector    ...    ...    ...    ...    2
130    Do.    ...    Dr. S. M. Kaka, Health Officer    ...    ...    ...    24
NIH AL CHAND.
120
•
G. C. Press, Simla.—No. 43 H. D. C.-27•1•94.-1,5110.